1.词汇题，culminate表示"达到高峰"，选A。
2.细节题，Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.当食物来源短缺的时候来时种植粮食来维持生计，对应A选项：他们用农业来补充其他食物来源。
3.undoubtedly，毫无疑问的，理所当然的，选B。
4.定位于"The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment earned by the liver waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location.里面提到了 not as dependent on rainfall."不太依赖于降雨"，对应B选项：不完全依赖降水。同时也提到了"deposited nutrients in the soil"，在土壤中沉淀营养，对应A选项: 土壤营养丰富。
5.enhance，提高，增强，对应B。
6.provoke，激起，引起，对应D。
7.否定细节题：定位第二句 The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale.中的"significant growth in population"对应 A 选项;"efforts to control the flow of water"对应B选项;protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community 对应C选项。因此D选项错误。
8.否定细节题：定位句"The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa. India, and China.出现地点 northern Africa, India and China"对应A选项。定位句"As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the "big men" assume hereditary status,"提到了世袭制，对应B选项。定位句 By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community.对应C选项。定位句How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain.与D选项相违背。因此D选项错误。
9.宏观题，第三段讲领导者即后来的政府形成的原因，第四段讲领导是如何形成的，选A。
10.句子简化题：原句逻辑whik表示对比转折;句子核心：城市中心的经济功 能以及管理中心的仪式功能。A选项句子对应两个核心，while的转折对比关系正确，因此A选项正确。
11.推断题：定位句 Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods.在这些城市只能给，新的生活形式的出现满足了不断增长的社会服务和消费品的需求。可以推断出有需求就有供给，就会出现与之相关的产业。
12.细节题：定位句 In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population.意思是说通过建立高墙来建立严格的等级制度，将统治者和普通老板姓区分开来，对应C选项。
13.句子插入题：This was accompanied by increased professional specialization中的professional specialization职业专门化对应第四个方框之后句子中的 artisans or merchants, warriors, scholars, or priests。
14.Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.正确。对应第二段 An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratoiy) societies were born.因为土壤中含有丰富的营养.所以一块地农民可以种很多年，因此就不用迁移到别 的地方，最后就定居了。
The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.正确。对应第三段的核心主旨：政府的形成。
Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.正确。对应第五段核心意思：中央集权导致了社会阶层和不同功能城市的形成。
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