1.According to paragraph 1, how doesdisturbance of a site influence its colonizationby a plant species?
A.Disturbance reduces or eliminates competition byother species.
B.Disturbance increases negative interactions with other organisms on the site.
C.Disturbance prevents a plant species from colonizing a new site.
D.Disturbance reduces the fertility of a site.
1.第1段第4句话，通过火灾和砍伐的干涉要么消除竞争对手要么降低竞争的强度。
2.The word "virtually" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to
A.almost totally.
B.unusually.
C.consistently.
D.unnaturally.
2.virtually表示"实际上，几乎", 程度上对应almost totally。
3.Why does the author mention a plowed field and a construction site in the passage?
A.To argue that sites that have been affected by human activity tend to be colonized slowly.
B.To illustrate the kind of sites that may be invaded by weeds.
C.To contrast sites in terms of their suitability for colonization.
D.To explain that exposing or compacting the soil results in successful colonization.
3.第一段第5、6句话，肥沃的土地植物入侵的速度快，反之亦然。
4.The word "despite"(paragraph 1) in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.without.
B.almost never.
C.even though.
D.perhaps.
4.despite 尽管，对应even though 尽管/即使。
5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.The seeds of pioneer species are usually carried by the wind to fertile sites, where theyreproduce very efficiently.
B.Pioneer species are successful invaders because they produce lots of seeds that aredispersed effectively.
C.Pioneer species produce their largest numbers of propagules during the earliest stages oftheir colonization.
D.Pioneer species reproduce very quickly and efficiently because they produce very largenumber of seeds.
5.原句强调了先锋物种入侵速度快的两个原因，一是能够产生大量可繁殖的种子，二是拥有有效的传播途径。原句和fertile sites没有关系，A错;C没有提到种子的繁殖力; D没有提到传播途径，只有B满足原句的条件。
6.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the reason that large seeds aredispersed by birds or small animals rather than by wind?
A.Large seeds are easier for birds and animals to see than are the small seeds dispersed by thewind.
B.Large seeds are too heavy for the wind to disperse.
C.Large seeds cannot be eaten by birds and animals.
D.Large seeds are short-lived and thus require a more efficient means of dispersal than smallseeds do.
6.第3段第2，3句：小种子通常靠风传播，大种子由鸟和动物实现传播。
7.The phrase "the latter adaptation" in the passage (paragraph 3) refers to
A.producing fewer seeds.
B.producing larger seeds.
C.dispersal by birds and small mammals.
D.producing long-lived seeds.
7.the latter adaptation，后一种适应性，段落开头讲的是短命种子，所以后一种适应性是指长命种子。
8.The word "viable" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to
A.able to survive.
B.individual.
C.large.
D.remaining.
8.viable，有生命力的，对应A。
9.The example of the 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in paragraphto illustrates which of the following ideas?
A.It is uncommon for older seed to germinate.
B.Pioneer species tend to prefer forest floors for colonization purposes.
C.Long-lived seeds of pioneer species can successfully germinate over long periods of time.
D.Coastal British Columbia is particularly suited for pioneer species to develop.
9.该例子的前一句话为观点句, 例子是为了说明观点，即长命种子在森林地面上很繁荣。
10.According to paragraph 4, how do plants manage to germinate in areas with greatclimatic diversity and climatic extremes?
A.By producing seeds only during favorable climatic conditions.
B.By generating large numbers of seeds.
C.By colonizing only those areas where other plants have survived.
D.By producing seeds that have a wide range of germination dates.
10.该段的第1句话，发芽时间的变化。
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