托福阅读的句子简化题解法

2022-06-04 02:10:32

  

  句子简化题重点考察了考生以下三个方面的能力:

  一、快速找到原句及选项句的主要信息;

  二、较好的句法及语法知识;

  三、句子同义复述(在不改变原句意义前提下)。

  句子简化题的基本解题步骤为:

  1、读原句,找出主要信息及主要逻辑;

  2、读选项,找出各句主要信息及主要逻辑;

  3、比对,找出最接近原句选项,排除干扰选项,排除次要信息及错误逻辑。

  要解答好句子简化题,关键是要弄清楚原句及各选项之间的关系。

  因为各选项是由原句改写而来的,我们需要把握原句与改写句之间 “变” 与 “不变”的关系。

  首先,我们来说说“不变”。 何谓“不变”? 哪些内容“不变”呢?

  在句子简化题中,不变指的是改写后的句子,与原句相比,有一些方面是不能改变的。这些方面就是:一、主要信息;二、主要逻辑。

  先谈一下主要信息。由于句子简化题的原句通常都是较为复杂的长难句及复合句,即除了主要信息外,还包含很多的补充信息及次要信息,因而我们要善于区分哪些是主要信息,哪些是次要信息。要解决好这个问题,要求对语法现象中的主句从句有一定的把握。

  我们以下面的题目为例:

  In 1972 paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.

  Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  A)The punctuated equilibrium hypothes is challenged gradualism, which holds that species evolve in relatively suddenbursts of brief duration.

  B)The punctuated equilibrium hypothes is developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.

  C)In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by positing that change from one species to another can not occur without a lengthy transition period.

  D)The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.

  按照解题步骤,先看原句,原句的总体信息包含四点:

  (1)In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom;

  (2)Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge bring out an opposing viewpoint;

  (3) The opposing viewpoint is called the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis;

  (4) The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.

  原句的主要信息在(3)与(4),即提出的opposing viewpoint是什么?punctuated equilibrium hypothesis 是什么?

  接下来我们去逐个分析选项的信息。

  A选项后面的gradualism定语从句错误,因为该定语从句定义的是原句的punctuated equilibrium hypothesis,而非选项的gradualism,与原句主要信息冲突;

  B选项与原句的第(1)点信息冲突,原句说的是Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge “challenge”,而非Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge “ was challenged ”;

  C 选项错在后半部分“cannot occur without a lengthy transition period ”,双重否定等于肯定,即”occur with a lengthy transition period”,这与原句第(4)点冲突;

  最后看D选项的信息,总共两点:

  (1)The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis is in opposition to gradualism;

  (2) The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis holds that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.

  这两点与原句第(3)(4)点的主要信息刚好对应,因此选C.

  需要注意的是,上面例题中的错误选项的错误很容易找到,是因为其信息与原句的主要或次要信息对应错误,在实际考试中,有些选项的信息与原句能够对应,但由于其对应的是原句的次要信息,在这种情况下,我们也需要将其排除,从而选择更好地与原句主要信息对应的选项。

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