1.Why does the author provide the informationthat "in northern Europe the sun may be hiddenby clouds for weeks at a time, whiletemperatures vary not only seasonally but fromday to night"?
A.To emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to telltime.
B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.
C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.
D.To counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.
1.从第一段的第二句开始，原文列举了这两种device各种的缺点，最后一句前半句说它们work，后面but表转折，证明要说有些情况它们不能用。所以选择B。A说人们在各种情况下都在使用这两种方法，与原文表达的意思相反，C将两种方法比较，原文没有这层意思。D整个和划线部分相反，原文说在northern Europe不能用。
2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance oftimekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT
A.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.
B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.
C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.
D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.
2.虽然原文提到说城与城之间要保持一直，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space。 而collective activity对应了选项B，C对应set time to go to sleep,也就是结束工作的时间。D对应开头catholic church的prayers活动。
3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarmarrangement?
A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.
B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.
C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.
D.One of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.
3.对应原文的第二句话，可根据alarm arrangement定位，前文说one of which was at night，后面说towaken monk before dawn，这两个都可以算是原因，选项中符合的只有D。
4.The word "authoritative" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.actual.
B.important.
C.official.
D.effective.
4.authoritative是权威的，A是真实的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因此C是正确的。文章中也说only one怎样的time keeper，所以应该是官方准确时间。
5.The author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to refer to
A.water clocks.
B.the sun.
C.mechanical clocks.
D.the church.
5.前文说需要它去check 这个machines，which前面说的是solar dials所以指的是the sun。
6.The word "rudimentary" in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to
A.rare.
B.small.
C.impractical.
D.basic.
6.rudimentary是基础的。 A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切实际的，D是基本的。所以根据词义D正确。这里我们可以看并列的词都是负面的，这里的rudimentary也是在强调未发展，有落后的意味。如果按照负面词来判断，C可能成为迷惑选项，但其词义不符。
7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction ofmechanical clocks?
A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.
B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.
C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.
D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.
7.可定位至相关段落，关键词为resisted，not coming over，所以证明church在拒绝新的计时方法，也就是在试着保护自己的方法。
8.The word "installed" in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to
A.required.
B.expected by the majority of people.
C.standardized.
D.put in place.
8.installed被安装的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人们希望的，C是标准化的，D是放置于。D最符合，并且原文中原词的后面也跟了地点，所以用D最合适。
9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakers
A.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.
B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.
C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.
D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.
9.根据clockmaker定位至倒数第二句，说制表人是正确和精密的领路人然后就对他们各种赞扬。B，C，D选项都是在贬低制表人，所以很容易排除。B，D选项又和最后一句话明显冲突。 A符合原文。
10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.
A.How did early mechanical clocks work?
B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?
C.How were mechanical clocks made?
D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?
10.第五段主要说clockmaker引领了准确，精准工程的发展，他们是master，teacher等等，然后说他们是先锋，但这些都是因为他们是制表人。所以这道题选B。 ACD原文都没提到。
11.The word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning to
A.leaders.
B.opponents.
C.employers.
D.guardians.
11.pioneer是先驱，A是领导者，B是对手，C是雇主，D是监护人。原文单词所在句后半句也说道他们作teacher，所以很容易理解他们是领导者。
12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?
A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.
B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.
C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.
D.It led to a focus on productivity.
12.定位到原文最后一句，说使人们从task-oriented和 time-filling busyness的模式变为maximizeproduct per unit of time，从而提高了productivity，所以选择D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是转化前的状态，C没提到。
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