新托福阅读环境(平原上森林覆盖量变化)

2022-05-20 17:52:29

  小编整理关于新

  新托福阅读题目回忆版本一:

  生态:grassland的形成,从forest到grassland 的原因。第一段是气候的变化,因为更加 dry。然后讲了grassland经常会有fire,因为fire所以对tree来说是不利于的,但是对 grass来说没有问题。后面还将了人工生火,为了buffalo,但是随着农业,二氧化碳浓度上升等原因,trees好像又expansion.

  新托福阅读题目回忆版本二:

  A卷有一篇阅读,Changes in the Amount of Forest on the Great Plains(大平原上的森林覆盖量变化),重复的是2016-09-25大陆考题。

  看到标题,首先思考大平原上的森林发生怎样的变化,变多还是变少?原因是什么?推动自己进入文章寻找答案。

  读完首段发现,在上次冰河世纪结束时,由于气候变得温暖干旱,原来存在于大平原地区的针叶森林逐渐消退,被草原取代。结果树木只能局限在一些山脊顶峰。树木局限于此的原因是,一方面山顶气候凉爽并且接收到更多的雨雪降水(precipitation),另一方面,山顶远离大平原地区的草原,避免了草原上火灾的影响,是天然的防火地带(natural firebreak)。

  火灾对于树木的影响远远大于草原(此处有对比比较型的因果解释,在此不详细展开)。火灾易于出现于大平原草原的原因有:草是天然的引火材料,闪电点火和人类刀耕火种农业的开始。具有讽刺意味的是,人类的刀耕火种,一方面增加了火灾的爆发,抑制了树木向大平原草原地区的回归,而只能存活于高海拔的山峰之上,但另一方面,随着人类农业的扩张,过度放牧,使草原消失,也使天然存在的引火材料(tinder)干草也一同消失了,进而减少了大火灾爆发的可能,因此在农业社会后期,森林又得以回归到大平原地区。

  全文结构特点

  整篇文章按照大平原地区森林的减少而后又增多的因果分析型结构展开,内部又镶嵌着许多对比比较(高海拔山脊vs.低海拔平原的环境特点比较;森林vs.草原的特性比较;刀耕火种农业前期vs.后期的比较)。因果关系和比较一贯是考点,需要额外关注。

  语言特点

  1. 词汇量大,用语地道灵活

  考句1

  Not only do they produce a tinder-dry thatch of dead foliage that lights with the slightest spark, but they are equipped to rise from their own ashes.

  解析:短短一句话中充斥着大量生词和表达。“tinder-dry thatch”指干燥的可引火的茅草;“rise from their own ashes”指死灰复燃。此外,从句式上看,这句话是常见的否定词前置引发的倒装(not only do…)。

  考句2

  The buds, or meristems, from which they put forth new growth, are tucked down at the surface of the ground, where they are protected from serious harm.

  解析:对主语专业词汇bud的解释也是专业词汇meristems(分生组织);并且谓语动词tucked down的理解,影响了整句话的意思。此外,从句式上看,这句话中包含了托福最常见的考点:“prep.+which…”引出整句话后置修饰名词,which即等于被修饰的名词(buds)。

  考句3

  By the time the transformation was over, coniferous forests could be found in the central United States only on the crowns of the tallest breaks and ridges.

  解析:句尾“the crowns of the tallest breaks and ridges”指“最高山裂山脊的顶部”。

  2. 句式多变,并具有文学表现力

  考句1

  On the tall-grass prairies, in particular, where catastrophic droughts were relatively infrequent, trees and shrubs might have taken over completely if it had not been for the erratic but inevitable return of lightning.

  解析:此句是if引导的虚拟语气(if it had not been for…),真实情况与句子表面意思相反(树木仍然不能取代草原)。另外,词汇量大、用语灵活的现象仍然凸显,如“erratic,inevitable,take over”。

  考句2

  But no sooner were the trees established than some random bolt of lightning would set the prairies aflame, killing the shrubs and most trees except in the humid streambeds and river valleys.

  解析:否定词放在句子开头引发的倒装,正常语序为But the trees were established no sooner than some random bolt of lightning…。表示树木还没有站稳脚跟,随机而来的道道闪电就又引发大火将它们付诸一炬。“sth./sb. be established”表示站稳脚跟的意思,是对树木的一种拟人的用法。

  考句3

  Where better to find refuge than atop a natural firebreak?

  解析:首先扫清词汇的问题。refuge避难所,atop在…上方,firebreak防火带。然后如果照字面意思理解就是:哪里能找到一个比“在天然防火带上方”更好的避难所?但要注意,这句话不是真的在问“到哪里去找”,而是一个反问句,答案就在其中,即没有哪个地方比“在天然防火带上方”更好,能够成为躲避火灾的地方。

  考题1 句子简化题

  If a branch is not producing enough carbohydrate to cover its own running costs—i.e., it needs to be subsidized by other branches because, for example, it is being shaded and receives little light—it will usually be got rid of.

  选项

  A tree will usually shed branches that use more carbohydrate than they produce.

  Branches that are shaded usually do not receive enough light to produce all the carbohydrate they need.

  If a tree gets rid of a branch, it is usually because other branches lack enough carbohydrate to subsidize it.

  If a branch is shaded and cannot produce as much carbohydrate as it needs, it will usually be subsidized by other branches.

  解析:正确答案为A。

  原句主干是“If a branch is…, it will usually be got rid of”,即如果一个树杈怎样,这个树杈就会被清除掉。

  BCD全部偏离句子主干。具体分析,B选项根本未提及树杈将被清除;C选项if的连接对象错误,且后半句说其他的树杈缺少足够碳水化合物(lack),语义错误;最大干扰项D,虽然基本保留了原句句式,但后半句“it will usually be subsidized by other branches”并非原句主干的条件结果所在。

  以上就是小编为大家整理的内容,希望广大的托福考生能够喜欢,更多精彩内容尽在,预祝托福考生取得理想成绩。


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