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interstellar a. 星际的
例句 New stars form in the interstellar gas of spiral galaxy. 新的行星在螺旋状星系的星际气体中形成。
invertebrate n. 无脊椎动物 a. 无脊椎的
例句 Evaporation caused salinity increase and the extermination of scores of invertebrate species as the consequence. 蒸发使盐度上升，从而导致大量无脊椎动物的灭绝。
同类 vertebrate 脊椎动物;plankton 浮游生物;microbe 微生物;saprophage 腐食者
latitude n. 纬度;[常 pl.]纬度地区
例句 1. The glacial system was managed by precipitation and temperature so glaciers cannot form in temperate latitudes. 冰川系统由沉淀物和温度来控制，因此冰川不能在温带地区形成。
2. Every aurora hangs as a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. 一束束极光像帘幕一样悬挂在极地上空，并延伸到高纬度地区。
同类 其他表示地理位置的单词还有：longitude 经度;altitude 高度
lava ]n. 岩浆，熔岩
例句 1. The largest center of this area was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. 该地区最大的中心受到了火山喷发的严重影响，大量的农田被火山岩浆覆盖。
2. The molten lava which flows out of volcanoes killed a mass of plants and animals. 从火山中流出的熔岩杀死了大量的动植物。
同义 magma(n. 熔岩)
layer n. 层，层次
例句 1. It is not enough to supplement a thick layer of insulating blubber for whales. 这不足以为鲸鱼提供一个厚厚的隔热脂肪层。
2. The filling is a soft layer of wool which has already been cleaned. 填充物是一层已经清理过的柔软羊毛。
要点 layer虽然有“层次”的意思，但在托福阅读中通常取其“地层”的含义，比如：The gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils。
leak v.(使)渗出;(使)泄漏 n. 漏洞;泄露
搭配 leak out 泄露
例句 To study the changes in lake levels, what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater should be taken into consideration. 要研究湖泊水位的变化，从地下水渗入到湖中的水量以及从湖中渗出到地下水中的水量都要考虑进去。
leatherback[n. 棱皮龟，革龟
例句 An adult leatherback is double the size of the biggest sea turtles, so they will take longer time to cool their bodies off. 成年革龟的体型是最大的海龟的两倍，所以它们需要更长时间使身体冷却下来。
limestone[]n. 石灰石
搭配 limestone cave 石灰岩洞
例句 Water from limestone and sandstone aquifers is more suitable to drink than water from sand and gravel aquifers. 来自石灰岩和沙岩层的水比来自砂石和碎石层的水更适于饮用。
longitude[]n. 经度;经线
搭配 longitude zone 经度带
例句 1. How to determine longitude was a problem that wasn't solved until the eighteenth century. 如何测量经度的问题直到18世纪才得以解决。
2. There are satellites that sending out signals and the signals containing important information that can be used to determine the longitude, latitude and elevation at any point on the Earth. 有许多卫星都在发射信号，而这些信号都包含着重要的信息，可以用来确定地球上任意一点的经纬度和海拔。
loose[]a. 松散的;不精确的;不牢固的;自由的
例句 A proportion of the total volume of loose sediment formed an empty space. 占总体积一定比例的松散沉积物形成了一个真空的空间。
同义 unstable(a. 不牢固的)
派生 loosen(v. 放松);loosely(ad. 宽松地)
lump n. 块;肿块 v. 将…归并在一起;形成块状
例句 When lumps of nebular dust were fused at extremely high temperatures and then quickly cooled, chondrules were formed. 当块状的星云尘埃在极高温下熔化，然后又被迅速冷却时，陨石球粒就会形成。
同义 piece(n. 块)
mammal n. 哺乳动物
例句 1. Around 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed, and human is the only mammal that uses one hand. 大约有90%的现代人是右利手，而人类是唯一有使用某只手习惯的哺乳动物。
2. Desert-adapted mammals have the capacity to live normally even they are in extremely dehydrated state. 适应了沙漠生活的哺乳动物拥有在极度脱水的情况下仍能正常生存的能力。
marine[]a. 海的;海生的
搭配 marine animal 海洋生物
例句 1. The dead leaves of this plant are a kind of food for a wide variety of marine organisms. 这种植物的落叶对于很多种类的海洋生物而言是一种食物。
2. The coastal region has a wet gentle marine climate. 沿海地区有着湿润的温带海洋性气候。
maritime a. 海的;航海的;沿海的
例句 1. With the development of maps, navigational instruments and a maritime code of conduct, long distance navigation becomes possible. 地图、航海仪器以及海上行为准则的发展使远程航海成为可能。
2. The settling on the Pacific Islands is one of the greatest merits of maritime colonization in human history. 在太平洋岛屿上定居是人类海洋殖民历史上最伟大的壮举之一。
marsh n. 沼泽，湿地
例句 1. Spartina is very suitable to the salt marshes, which plays a valuable role in stabilizing them and making them become highly productive marine habitats. 大米草非常适合在盐沼地生存，它在稳固水土并使盐沼地成为高产的海洋栖息地方面发挥着重要的作用。
2. The vegetation along the east coast is regarded valuable for its ability to stop erosion and deterioration of the marsh. 东海岸沿岸的植被因其防止沼泽侵蚀退化的能力而被认为很有价值。
同义 swamp(n. 沼泽)
matrix n. 模型;基岩;基质;矩阵
搭配 extracellular matrix 细胞外基质
例句 The meteorite is a dark gray matrix which binds together small, spherical or irregular objects, formed from the interstellar cloud of gas and dust out of which the solar system was made. 陨星是由小的、球形的或不规则物体凝固而成的暗灰色基质，是由形成了太阳系的星际云气体和灰尘构成的。
meadow n. 草地，牧场;低洼地
例句 The forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, so the deer browses on other shrubs or herbs, for example huckleberry. 这片森林抑制了草和其他牧草植物的生长，所以这里的鹿只能以其他灌木或草本植物为食，比如越橘类植物。
melt v.(使)融化;(使)熔化;(使)消散
例句 If summer's high temperatures last for a long time, then all the snowfall from the previous winter will melt. 如果夏天高温持续很长一段时间，那么在之前一个冬天存留的积雪就会全部融化。
同义 dissolve(v. 使融化;使溶解)
merge v. 合并，并入
例句 These interconnecting channels merged into larger, wider channels. 这些相互连接的渠道合并在一起，形成了更大、更宽的渠道。
要点 merge除了可以表示河水的汇流以外，也常用于表示公司或企业等的合并。
meteor n. 流星
例句 1. A companion star with a long-period orbit may deflect other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to the Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation with great impact. 一颗有着长周期轨道的伴星会使其他天体从它们正常的轨道中偏转，并使其中一些以流星的形式落在地球上，导致的巨大冲击会造成广泛的破坏。
2. Wind motion in the mesosphere could be observed by watching the trails of meteors passing through it. 通过观察流星穿过时留下的痕迹，可以观测到中间层风的运动。
meteorite n. 陨石
搭配 martian meteorite 火星陨石
例句 1. All these various constituents bind together to form chondritic meteorites that have the chemical compositions much like that of the Sun. 这些多种多样的成分凝固在一起构成粒状陨石，其化学成分和太阳十分相似。
2. Just as its name suggests, almost all iron meteorites are entirely consisted of metal. 正如其名称所表示的，几乎全部的铁陨星都是由金属构成的。
microscopic a. 用显微镜可见的;极小的
搭配 microscopic plant 微生植物;microscopic structure 显微结构
例句 Even now, microscopic meteorites constantly hit the Earth, falling on both land and sea at last. 即便是在今天，也不断有微型陨石撞击地球，最后落在地面上或者海里。
mine n. 矿;地雷 v. 采矿;在…布雷
例句 The companies construct canals to transport coal and need surveyors to help them find the coal deposits that are worthy of mining, as well as determine the best courses for the channels. 这些公司建造运河来运煤，因此需要测量员来帮助他们找到值得开采的煤炭沉积位置，并决定运河流经的最佳路线。
派生 mining(n. 采矿)
mineral n. 矿物，矿石 a. 矿物的，矿质的
搭配 mineral crystal 矿物晶体
例句 1. The researches have shown that certain minerals are required for the normal growth and development of the plants. 研究显示，一些特定的矿物对植物的正常生长发育是必需的。
2. The mineral content in groundwater commonly increases with depth, but even quite shalloight be highly saline. 地下水中的矿物质含量随着深度增加，但即便是浅含水土层也可能含有较高的盐分。
mud[]n. 泥，泥浆
搭配 volcanic mud 火山泥
例句 1. The remains of microscopic organism turned into petroleum once they were buried under mud. 一旦微生物被埋藏在泥土中，它的残骸就会变成石油。
2. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud, thus marine sediment was formed. 微生物生存于海底，并聚积在海底的淤泥之中，这样便形成了海洋沉积物。
mustard n. 芥末;芥菜
搭配 cabbage mustard 芥兰;mustard family 十字花科
例句 Lots of members of the mustard family can be found in tropical and subtropical areas. 大多数十字花科成员可以在热带及亚热带地区找到。
mutualism n. 共栖，互利共生
例句 Mutualism normally contains the interaction between two members of the same species. 共栖通常包括相同物种的两个成员间的相互作用。
要点 互利共生指的是两个物种生活在一起，并且双方都能从中获益的共生(symbiosis)现象。而如果将两者分开，则两者都无法生存。
nebula[]n. 星云
搭配 ring nebula 环状星云
例句 Chondrule must have been melted in a small air pocket of the nebula that makes it lose heat rapidly. 陨石球粒一定是在星云的小型气穴中熔化的，这个气穴会使它迅速失去热量。
要点 这个句子中的pocket不是“袋子”的意思，air pocket的意思是“气穴”。
nebular[]a. 星云的，星云状的
搭配 nebular spectrum 星云光谱
例句 The chondrites are truly lumps of nebular matter, probably similar in composition to the matter from which planets were assembled. 这些陨石球粒都是真正的星云物质，或许构成它们的物质与构成行星的物质十分相似。
nest n. 巢，窝 v. 做窝，筑巢
例句 For the green turtle, south beach is a meaningful nesting site. 对于绿海龟来说，南部海滩是非常重要的栖息地。
nestling[]n. 雏鸟;尚未离巢的小鸟
搭配 nestling feather 新羽
例句 There is little benefit to get more food than it needs to survive for a nestling. 对于雏鸟来说，让它们得到比实际所需更多的食物几乎是没有好处的。
要点 与nestling类似的词语还有yearling，这个词也与年幼的动物有关，意为“一岁的动物”。
offspring[]n. 子孙，后代;(动物的)崽
例句 1. As these experiments state, begging apparently provides a signal of need that parents need it to be aware of which offspring needs to be fed. 这些实验表明，乞求的鸣叫提供了明显的需求信号，父母需要这些信号来判断哪一个幼崽需要喂食。
2. For the offspring of surviving rabbits, the virus was less deadly, and it caused less and less harm over the years. 对于现存的兔子后代来说，这种病毒的致死率越来越低，而且它引发的伤害也是逐年下降的。
同义 descendant(n. 后代)
orbit[]n. 轨道 v.(绕…)做轨道运行
例句 Under the control of the Sun's gravitational force, every planet maintains an elliptical orbit, meanwhile all of them travel in the same direction. 在太阳的重力控制下，每个星球都有其自己的运行轨道，同时，这些星球也沿着同样的方向运动。
同义 track(n. 轨道)
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