一、提问方式
Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(Official Guide, p.28)
二、解题原则
What is the essential information?
逻辑+主干=核心内容
1. 如何抓主干
找句子的主干信息：主谓;主谓宾
例子：长得乖巧的，经常被邻居夸奖，但今天早晨却被妈妈骂了的小明，不开心地，看似有点想不开地，步履蹒跚地走过了他爸爸五年前修的桥。
主干：小明走过了桥。
翻译：Xiaoming, a well-behaved boy {who was always praised by his neighbor but was scolded by his mother}in the morning, unhappily, despairingly and stumblingly walked across the bridge built by his father five years ago.
Xiaoming
a well-behaved boy 同位语
who was always praised by his neighbor but was scolded by his mother 定语从句
in the morning 介词短语
unhappily, despairingly and stumblingly 副词
walked across
the bridge
built by his father 定语 five years ago状语
常见修饰成分：插入语和同位语，从句(定语、状语)，介词短语，形容词，副词，非谓语(v-ing, v-ed, to do)
2. 常考的逻辑关系
A：因果
B：转折，让步
C：对比和比较
D：并列
E：递进
3.如何抓主干和逻辑
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
逻辑关系：因果
主干：(沙漠化的)严重性源自于三个原因。
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
○Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
○Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
排除C、D
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
主干：沙漠化的严重性源自于受影响的土地面积大，人口多，以及以及逆转或减缓进程困难。
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
4.逻辑关系之因果
因果：because, so, since, result, result from, cause, thus, therefore,
分词短语\不定式\独立主格作状语
三、托福阅读中常考的逻辑关系
A：因果
前果后因：because, because of, since, for, as, due to, result from
前因后果：lead to, give rise to, cause, result in, as a result
B：转折，让步：but, however, whereas; though, even though, while
C：对比和比较：whereas/ while / more…than/, beyond
D：并列： and, or
E：递进：not only, but also, moreover, also, even...
四、解题步骤
1. 判断主考句子主干及句内逻辑关系
2. 判断选项句内逻辑关系 (排除逻辑错误选项)
3. 对比剩余选项与原句
4. 选择符合逻辑关系和主干信息的选项
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