TPO2托福阅读Passage3原文文本 + 题目 + 答案解析

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　　TPO2 托福阅读 Passage3 原文文本

　　Early Cinema

　　The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison's peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents ( or 5 cents per machine ) , customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films ( or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight ) .

　　These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes ( for roughly $1,000 apiece ) to these parlors than in the films that would be run in them ( which cost approximately $10 to $15 each ) . He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.

　　Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time ( rather than one at a time ) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham ( with the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson ) perfected projection devices. These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience.

　　With the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the ultimate form of mass consumption. Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time. But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or ( in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows ) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.

　　Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative control remained limited. What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.

　　With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public-an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches ( in height ) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.

　　TPO2 托福阅读 Passage3 题目

　　Question 1 of 13

　　According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of viewing films in Kinetoscope parlors EXCEPT:

　　A. One individual at a time viewed a film..

　　B. Customers could view one film after another..

　　C. Prizefights were the most popular subjects for films..

　　D. Each film was short..

　　Question 2 of 13

　　The author discusses phonograph parlors in paragraph 2 in order to

　　A. explain Edison's financial success.

　　B. describe the model used to design Kinetoscope parlors.

　　C. contrast their popularity to that of Kinetoscope parlors.

　　D. illustrate how much more technologically advanced Kinetoscope parlors were.

　　Question 3 of 13

　　Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence from the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one..

　　B. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines..

　　C. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell..

　　D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him..

　　Question 4 of 13

　　The word "readily " in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A. frequently.

　　B. easily.

　　C. intelligently.

　　D. obviously.

　　Question 5 of 13

　　The word "assistance " in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A. criticism.

　　B. leadership.

　　C. help.

　　D. approval.

　　Question 6 of 13

　　According to paragraph 4, how did the early movies differ from previous spectacles that were presented to large audiences?

　　A. They were a more expensive form of entertainment..

　　B. They were viewed by larger audiences..

　　C. They were more educational..

　　D. They did not require live entertainers..

　　Question 7 of 13

　　According to paragraph 5, what role did early exhibitors play in the presentation of movies in theaters?

　　A. They decided how to combine various components of the film program..

　　B. They advised film-makers on appropriate movie content..

　　C. They often took part in the live-action performances..

　　D. They produced and prerecorded the material that was shown in the theaters..

　　Question 8 of 13

　　Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 6 as one of the ways the Mutoscope differed from the Kinetoscope?

　　A. Sound and motion were simultaneously produced in the Mutoscope..

　　B. More than one person could view the images at the same time with the Mutoscope..

　　C. The Mutoscope was a less sophisticated earlier prototype of the Kinetoscope..

　　D. A different type of material was used to produce the images used in the Mutoscope..

　　Question 9 of 13

　　The word "It " in the passage refers to

　　A. The advent of projection.

　　B. The viewer's relationship with the image.

　　C. A similar machine.

　　D. Celluloid.

　　Question 10 of 13

　　According to paragraph 6, the images seen by viewers in the earlier peepshows, compared to the images projected on the screen, were relatively

　　A. Small in size.

　　B. Inexpensive to create.

　　C. Unfocused.

　　D. Limited in subject matter.

　　Question 11 of 13

　　The word "expanded " in the passage is closest in meaning toA. was enlarged.B. was improved.C. was varied.D. was rejected.Question 12 of 13

　　Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passageWhere would the sentence best fit? .When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his Kinetoscope business, Edison acquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced it as "Edison ’ s latest marvel, the Vitascope..

　　Question 13 of 13

　　Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The technology for modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century. .

　　A.Kinetoscope parlors for viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors..

　　B.Thomas Edison's design of the Kinetoscope inspired the development of large screen projection..

　　C.Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately..

　　D.Slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to audiences of hundreds of spectators..

　　E.The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen..

　　F.Once film images could be projected, the cinema became form of mass consumption.

　　TPO2 托福阅读 Passage3 解析

　　正确答案：C

　　题目解析：

　　BC 对应到最后一句，指出观众可以一部接一部地观看。B 正确 ; 文章并未指出职业拳击赛 ( prizefight ) 是最流行的，所以 C 错，选： For the price of 25 cents ( or 5 cents per machine ) , customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films ( or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight ) .

　　正确答案：B

　　段落首句指出 Kinetoscope arcades 是按照留声机会客厅 ( phonograph parlors ) 仿制的，接下来描述留声机会客厅的设置，从而说明 Kinetoscope parlors 的类似作用。选择 B。

　　该句指出：爱迪生之所以不愿改进放映技术是因为那样放映者便不会购买大量机器，从而使他收益下降。这句话中的主要逻辑就是因果。C 选项完美的重现原句的因故逻辑，且因果内容完全正确，所以选 C。A 选项的 variety 和原句完全无关，且没有重现因果逻辑 ;B 选项的结果正确，原因和原句说反 ;D 的 unless 逻辑不对，而且 exibitors 开始的内容原句没有提及。

　　readily: 轻而易举地。和选项 B 呼应。对应原文 Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time ( rather than one at a time ) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. 从这句话可以知道，播放者想要利益最大化，这个可以更加 readily 做到，通过一次对几百个观众播放很多电影。从语境中可以推断 readily 应该是容易的意思，其他选项代入都不合理。

　　assistance: 帮助。和选项 C 呼应。对应原文 About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham ( with the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson ) perfected projection devices. 这句话中说了这些人完善了投影仪器，在爱迪生助手的 assistance 下，从语境中也不难猜出是帮助的意思。所以正确答案是 C

　　正确答案：D

　　用 differ 定位到最后一句话： But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program. 这句话，意思是电影的不同之处在于：它不需要表演者的现场演出或放映者的操纵 ( live performance or the active involvement ) ，因此选择 D。

　　Question 7 of 13

　　正确答案：A

　　根据 early exhibitors 定位到第一第二句话： Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative control remained limited. 第一句话中的 live acts 对应 C 选项，但是 C 选项和原文锚段，原文说是伴随电影的，而后半句更是强调可以没有 active participation，所以 C 错 ; 而第二句话说：早期放映者试图将电影和其他娱乐元素结合起来，对应 A 选项，正确。

　　Question 8 of 13

　　定位到首句： With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. 表达出来的意思是：Mutoscope 是与 Kinetoscope 相似的机器，它通过独立胶片上的连续影像来复制动态画面，而不使用胶片，可知 Mutoscope 与 Kinetoscope 的不同在于制造影像的材料不同。因此选择 D。注意：B 选项中 "more than one person could view the images at the same time ( 许多人可以同时观看一部电影 ) " 是由 the advent of projection ( 放映机的发明 ) 实现的，而不是 Mutoscope。

　　指代关系，找前一句的主语，结合上句可得出 It 指代的是 "the viewer ’ s relationship with the image ( 观者与影像的关系 ) "，它不再私人化，而是逐渐公开化。因此选择 B。

　　Question 10 of 13

　　定位到最后一句： At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches ( in height ) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet. 表达出的意思是：早期西洋镜影像比大荧幕影像要小得多，前者只有 1-2 英寸，而后者是 6-9 英尺的实物大小。正确答案：A。

　　expanded: 扩充的，展开的。和选项 A 呼应。对应原文 At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches ( in height ) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet. 从后面的数字就可以知道是变大了，所以选 A。

　　Question 12 of 13

　　插入句中有明显的指代关系，wide spread of projection。这和 D 选项中的 were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters …相呼应。

　　正确答案：CEF

　　正确答案是 CEF。C.E.F 在文中都有提及，而 A.B.D 无提及。

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