TPO是每个考生重要的备考资料。为了帮助提升考生的水平，福tpo33第二篇阅读答案深度解析，包括了tpo33第二篇阅读文本，逐段分析解题，让同学们在这个过程当中，抽丝剥茧地了解阅读的解题思路和方法。
Paragraph 1
By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track; then years later it had over 30,000 miles, more than the rest of the world combined. Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains E over 2,000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois alone.
1. According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true about railroad track in the United States EXCEPT:
A. In 1850 the United States had less than 10,000 miles of railroad track.
B. By the end of the 1850s, Ohio and Illinois contained more railroad track than any other state in the country.
C. Much of the railroad track built in the United States during the 1850s was located west of the Appalachian Mountain.
D. By 1860 there were more miles of railroad track in the United States than in any other country.
答案 B
解析 否定细节题：定位句 By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track;对应A选项。定位句Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains E over 2,000 miles in the states of Ohio
and Illinois alone. 对应 C 选项，同时由于该句子中没有出现有关 Ohio and Illinois 比较的相关信息，因此 B 选项错误。定位句 then years later it had over 30,000 miles, more than the rest of the world combined. 对应 D 选项。
Paragraph2
The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home. Before the railroad reached Tennessee, the state produced about 25,000 bushels (or 640 tons) of wheat, which sold for less than 50 cents a bushel. Once the railroad came, farmers in the same counties grew 400,000 bushels (over 10,000 tons) and sold their crop at a dollar a bushel.
2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the new railroads had which of the following effects on farm communities?
A. Most new farms were located along the tracks.
B. Farmers began to grow wheat as a commercial corp.
C. Many famer decided to grow a wider variety of crops.
D. Demand for manufactured goods increased among farmers.
答案 D
解析 推断题: 定位句 The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home. 意思是说因为铁路建设带动了经济，农民开始有钱了，于是就开始买手工制品了。因此就可以推断出, 农民有钱了就有了买东西的欲望和需求。
Paragraph 3
The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans’ hot and humid warehouses. Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region’s hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South’s overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.
3. The word “bustling” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. famous
B. important
C. growing D. busy
答案 D 解析 词汇题：bustling，繁忙的，熙熙攘攘的，对应 D 选项，忙碌的。
4. According to paragraph 3, in what way did the new rail networks change western trade?
A. Northwestern farmers almost completely stopped shipping goods by steamboat.
B. Many western goods began to be shipped east by way of Chicago rather than south to New Orleans.
C. Chicago largely replaced New York and other eastern cities as the final market for good for the West.
D. The value of goods shipped west soon became greater than the value of good shipped east.
答案 B
解析 细节题：定位句 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. Chicago became the region’s hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855.
意思是铁路的建设转移了西方贸易的方向，芝加哥成为了贸易中心，取代了原先的新奥尔良。因此答案是 B。
5. According to paragraph 3, what was a disadvantage of shipping goods from northwestern areas to New Orleans?
A. There was no reliable way to get goods from New Orleans to eastern cities.
B. The cost of shipping goods by river to New Orleans continued to increase. C. Goods shipped from New Orleans’ neighboring areas had a significant competitive advantage because of their lower transportation costs. D. The temperatures and humidity.
答案 B
解析 细节题：Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South’s overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.
意思是说因为虽然货物本身的价值在增加，但是南部的市场份额却在下降, 就暗示了越来越少人的人愿意通过该途径运货，即要么速度太慢要么成本太高。因此这道题的答案是 B。
Paragraph4
A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented. Wheat, which in 1845 commanded $1.08 a bushel in New York City, fetched $2.46 in 1855; in similar fashion the price of corn nearly doubled. Farmers responded by specializing in cash crops, borrowing to purchase more land, and investing in equipment to increase productivity.
6. Paragraph 4 supports the idea that the price of wheat more than doubled between
1845 and 1855 because
A. the price of corn nearly doubled during that same period
B. demand for grain increased sharply outside the United States
C. farmers in the Northeast and Midwest began to specialize in cash crops
D. many farmers had borrowed heavily to purchase land and equipment for raising wheat
答案 B
解析 细节题：定位句 A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented. 国外的粮食需求猛增，然后该段最后出现的结果就是价格上升。
Paragraph 5
As railroad lines fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then lowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercial agriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlers accustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grass were an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however, John Deere patented a sharp‐cutting steel plow that sliced through the sod without soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormic refined a mechanical reaper that harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the 1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up with demand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually.
7. The word “transformed” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. dominated
B. changed
C. improved D. created
答案 B 解析 词汇题： transform，变形，对应 B 选项，改变，变化。
8. The word “erected” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. looked for
B. lived on
C. preferred D. built
答案 D 解析 词汇题：erect, 建立，对应 D 选项，建立，建造。
9. Why does the author point out that “Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person”?
A. to provide a reason why people from the eastern woodlands of the United States were impressed when they saw the prairie
B. to identified an obstacles to the development of the railroad lines fanning out from Chicago
C. to explain why the transformation of the prairies by commercial agriculture was so remarkable
D. to provide evidence supporting the claim that the prairies had fertile, deep black soil
答案 D
解析 修辞目的题：定位句 As railroad lines fanned out from Chicago, farmers began
to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then lowa, putting the fertile, deep black
soil into production. 该段的主旨: 农民将肥沃的黑土投入生产中, 提干中的信息是一个具体的例子, 表明的是具体的产物。
10. According to paragraph 5, the first settlers generally did not farm open prairie land because
A. they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available
B. prairie land was usually very expensive to buy
C. the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile than the soil of the open prairie
D. the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlers arrived
答案 A
解析 细节题：定位句 Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. 原因是犁不能穿透草地，因此答案只可能是 A。
Paragraph 6
The new commercial farming fundamentally altered the Midwestern landscape and the environment. Native Americans had grown corn in the region for years, but never in such large fields as did later settlers who became farmers, whose surpluses were shipped east. Prairie farmers also introduced new crops that were not part of the earlier ecological system, notably wheat, along with fruits and vegetables.
11. The word “surpluses” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. extra goods
B. commercial goods
C. unprocessed goods D. transportable goods
答案 A 解析 词汇题: surpluses, 剩余/多余的东西, 对应 A 选项 extra 额外的, 附加的。
Paragraph 7
Native grasses were replaced by a small number of plants cultivated as commodities. Corn had the best yields, but it was primarily used to feed livestock. Because bread played a key role in the American and European diet, wheat became the major cash crop. Tame grasses replaced native grasses in pastures for making hay
Paragraph 8
Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees. In the absence of these fires, trees reappeared on land not in cultivation and, if undisturbed, eventually formed woodlots. The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots, and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more‐irregular farms in the East.
12. According to paragraph 8, prairie farmers changed the landscape by doing all of the following EXCEPT: A. Reducing annual fires
B. Dividing the land into large, regularly‐shaped lots
C. Planting trees that eventually formed woodlots D. Fencing off their farms
答案 C
解析 否定细节题：定位句 Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees. 对应 A 选项。定位句 The earlier
unbroken landscape gave to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise
checkerboard pattern. 对应 D 选项。定位句 The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots, and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more‐irregular farms in the East.
checkerboard pattern 棋盘格样式，对应 B 选项。C 选项错在没有提到 planting trees。
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■]to insert the sentence in the passage.
Paragraph 3：
The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade.■In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans.■But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter.■Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans' hot and humid warehouses.■Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region’s hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South’s overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.
The problems were not limited to routes of transport.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
答案 第三个方框
解析 句子插入题：原句的意思是问题不仅局限在道路运输上，因此我们可以推 断出该句子的下一句应该会提到其他的问题，因此第三个方框满足要求, 前面再讲水路问题，后面讲到了天气和湿度问题。插入的句子正好起到了承上启下的作用。
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2points.
The huge expansion of rail lines in Midwestern United States during the 1850s had major economic and environmental effects.
Answer Choices
A. Construction of new rail lines into the Midwest had been effectively stopped by the Appalachian Mountains, but by 1850 improved construction technology had made further advances possible. 错。定位第一段，没有提到新的铁路建设是被 Appalachian Mountains 阻断的。
B. Access to rail lines combined with the development of more‐efficient farming equipment allowed fertile land of the open prairies of the open prairies to be used for large‐scale commercial agriculture.
正确。对应第二、五段，铁路的发展带动经济，农民获得土地，改进农作用具，提高农作物的产量。
C. Rail lines to Chicago and on to the East made it easier to get Midwestern goods to distant markets, while growing demand encouraged crop specialization and led to higher crop prices.
错。C 选项后半句话正确, 是第 4 段的主旨;但是该选项的的前半句话是第三段
的一个例子，其主旨应该是该段的首句 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade.
D. Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were decided into large fenced fields. 正确。对应第八段主旨，农民通过各式各样的方法改变地貌，发展农业。
E. Because of the growing volume of traffic coming by rail from the Northeast and Midwest, the value of goods arriving in New Orleans for shipment to markets abroad increased dramatically.
正确。对应第三段主要内容 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of
western trade. Chicago became the region’s hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to
increase, the South’s overall share of western trade dropped dramatically. 水路交通的没落和铁路运输的兴起繁荣。
F. Native Americans had grown corn on the prairies for years but had not produced large surpluses because the varieties they planted had far poorer yields than those introduced by commercial farmers.
错。定位第六段，Native Americans had grown corn in the region for years, but never in such large fields as did later settlers who became farmers, whose surpluses were
shipped east. 只是说明了后来的农民种庄稼产量多;再结合该段首句，并没可能和 new commercial farming 有关，但没有提到品种不好。
摘要题
答案 BDE
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