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A.similar
B.inaccurate
C.small
D.significant
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答案：
C选项正确
解析：
本题为词汇题，根据所给单词trivial定位到第一段More important than the amount of time Herodotus computed, which turns out to be trivial compared with the age of Earth, was the notion that one could estimate ages of geologic features by determining rates of the processes responsible for such features, and then assuming the rates to be roughly constant over time.本句大致意思为：与地球的年龄相比，Herodotus这个人计算出来的时间量是trivial的，与其相比更重要的是一个概念，这个概念是一个人可以通过估计相应地理特征的某种过程的速度来估计地理特征的年龄……再以Herodotus为关键词定位这个time是什么，找到本段第三句，发现他是推测Nile Delta花了几千年形成的。根据常识，我们知道一个三角洲的年龄是不能跟古老的地球相比的，是远小于地球年龄的。这时候回到题目看选项，A相似的，B不准确的，C小的，D重要的，选C。
2. According to paragraph 1. Herodotus' observations of the Nile River Delta were significant because they allowed him to
A.provide detailed records of the most significant floods in the history of the Nile
B.develop a way of calculating the age of geologic features
C.conclude that the Nile River Delta was as old as Earth
D.predict when the river would flood and when it would not
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答案：
B选项正确
解析：
先看题干：Herodotus这个人对于三角洲的观察为什么是重要的呢?抓出关键词Herodotus，Delta和significant回原文第一段定位。第一段第四句也就是我们第一题里分析过的那句同时出现了这三个关键词——需要考生关注的是significant并没有原样出现，而是通过important同义替换了。考生在关键词定位时注意不要只看题干里出现的词，要注意原文中出现同义替换的地方，这往往就是答案所在。再次复习下这一句的意思，这次我们把修饰的从句剃掉，直接抓出主干：More important than the amount of time Herodotus computed, was the notion. 与Herodotus计算出的数值相比，有个概念更重要。再细看，这个notion是什么呢?one could estimate ages of geologic features by determining rates of the processes responsible for such features, and then assuming the rates to be roughly constant over time.本句大致意思是：一个人可以通过一些方法来估计地理特征的年龄。理解原文到这个程度后，我们返回题目，看看四个选项：A 提供了关于什么什么的具体的记录，本句里没有，排除;B 发现了一种计算地理特征的年龄，对了;C 推测出这个三角洲跟地球一样老，胡说八道;D 推测这个河流什么时候泛滥，原句没提。选B。
3. According to paragraph 2, James Hutton was the first person to
A.understand clues to Earth's history through the rock record
B.work out principles of the progressive depositing of sediment.
C.realize that geologic processes happen in cycles.
D.describe the forces associated with subterranean heat.
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答案：
C选项正确
解析：
先看题干，抓出关键词James Hutton和first person。根据题目指示找到原文第二段，根据关键词定位。However, James Hutton (1726-1797), known as the founder of modern geology, was the first to have the important insight that geologic processes are cyclic in nature. 这一句里两个关键词同时出现。本句主干的大致句意是：James Hutton这个人是第一个发现地理过程在自然界是循环往复的。接下来回到题目，A通过岩石记录发现地球历史的线索，没提;B发现了沉积物逐渐分解的原理，也没提;C 发现地理过程循环发生，对了;D 描述了一个跟什么热量相关的力，跟原文没什么关系。选C。
4. The word "exhibit" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.replace
B.show
C.cover
D.expand
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答案：
B选项正确
解析：
本题又是词汇题，解题套路与第一题相似。根据exhibit定位到第二段最后一句：These rocks are then uplifted sometime in the future to form new mountain ranges, which exhibit the sedimentary layers (and the remains of life within those layers) of the earlier episodes of erosion and deposition. 本句主干句意大致是：这些岩石未来会升高形成新的山脉，这个山脉exhibit那些谁谁谁的沉降层。山脉和沉降层的关系就是exhibit。回到题目看选项：A代替，B展示，C覆盖，D扩展，只有B合适。
托福阅读词汇题占的比重不小，但涉及到的词汇大多是常用的，有些词汇还会反复出现。所以虽然是可以根据语境推测出来，但考生还是最好加强单词的背诵，常见的词汇尽量快速选对，省下时间去做耗费时间的题。
5. The word "episodes" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.occurrence
B.locations
C.effects
D.combinations
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答案：
A选项正确
解析：
词汇题。首先根据episodes定位，定位到的句子跟第四题是同一句。本句主干我们上一题里分析过了，这里看看里面这个定语从句。新的山脉展示了更早的侵蚀和沉积的episodes的沉降层(以及这些层里的生命残留物)。返回题目看题干，A发生，B位置，C效果，D结合物。每一个带入进去试一试，发现A发生算是最合理的，选A。
6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence m the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Hutton realized that if these geologic processes have always occurred at about the same rate as they do today. Earth's history is huge in comparison with human history.
B.Hutton's examination of sedimentary layers led him to conclude that throughout Earth s long history, geologic processes have been generally the same as they are today.
C.In spite of Hutton's contributions to the understanding of geologic processes, what is known about Earth's history is minor compared with what is known about human history.
D.Hutton's examination of sedimentary layers was quite vigorous for his day, and his conclusions about geologic processes are among the most significant in human history.
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答案：
A选项正确
解析：
本题是转换句子题。我们先看原文里的目标句：With the further assumption that these geologic processes were generally no more or less vigorous than they are today, Hutton's examination of sedimentary layers led him to realize that Earth's history must be enormous, that geologic time is an abyss and human history a speck by comparison. 本句大致意思是，根据更深入的假设(这个假设是这些地质活动过去和今天一样活跃)，Hutton这个人对沉降层的检查让他发现了一个事实，这个事实就是与人类历史比，地球的历史是巨大无比的。这个句子的逻辑关系是前半句assumption是Hutton realize理解到这个程度，我们返回看题干，A Hutton意识到如果以前地质活动的活跃度一直与现在持平的话，那地球的历史远远久于人类历史，本选项可以。 B Hutton对于沉降层的检查让他得出一个结论，这个结论就是在地球漫长的历史中，地质过程过去今天都一样，条件关系反了，不选;C 尽管Hutton对于理解地址过程做出了贡献，我们对于地球历史的了解是远远少于对人类历史的了解的，这个选项无中生有了一个让步关系;D Hutton对于沉积层的检查十分活跃，他的结论在人类历史上很重要，本选项无中生有，不选。所以A是正确的。
7. According to paragraph 4，what happened when geologists at the turn of the twentieth century tried to estimate Earth's age?
A.They ignored Hutton's findings about rates of sedimentation and thus tended to underestimate the age by a factor of 10 to 50.
B.Using the sedimentary record, they were able to guess the correct age within 100 million to 400 million years.
C.They did not realize that much of the sedimentary record is missing and thus assumed that Earth is much younger than it actually is.
D.They did not correctly calculate the rates of sedimentation and thus concluded that Earth is much older than it actually is.
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答案：
C选项正确
解析：
本题的关键词是at the turn of the twentieth century，在原文里定位关键词，得到这句话：Typical numbers produced at the turn of the twentieth century were 100 million to 400 million years. 此句及下面一句的大致意思是：在20世纪算出来的数据是1000万年到4000万年，但是这个数据是被低估了的，因为一些沉积层的记录丢失掉了。选项A的意思是他们因为忽视了Hutton的发现所以才低估了地球的年龄，因果关系错误;B选项是说利用沉积层的记录他们可以估算地球准确的年龄，准确的这个词错误;C是原文的同义转述，正确;D得出的结论是我们计算出来的地球的年龄比它实际的年龄要大，错误，应该是低估了。
8. The word "flawed" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.several
B.specific
C.early
D.incorrect
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答案：
D选项正确
解析：
本题为词汇题，目标词汇定位到原文中这一句：Various other techniques to estimate Earth's age fell short, and particularly noteworthy in this regard were flawed determinations of the Sun's age. flawed意为有缺陷的，给出的选项A几个，B具体的，C早的，D不正确的，D与flawed的意思最为相近，选择D。
9. Why is "gravitational contraction" mentioned in the passage?
A.To show that questions about the Sun's energy source were as interesting to early scientists as questions about Earth's age.
B.To provide evidence that Hutton's ideas led to advances in physics and astronomy as well as in geology.
C.To explain why there is such a tremendous amount of energy flowing from the Sun.
D.To cite a method for estimating the age of the Sun that was used to determine Earth s age.
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答案：
D选项正确
解析：
本题关键词为gravitational contraction，带着关键词定位到这一句：Two physicists during the nineteenth century both came up with ages for the Sun based on the Sun's energy coming from gravitational contraction. 此句大意为：两个物理学家在19世纪里一同根据太阳能量来自于gravitational contraction来算出了太阳的年龄。根据本段首句也是主旨句Various other techniques to estimate Earth's age fell short, and particularly noteworthy in this regard were flawed determinations of the Sun's age.我们可以得出本段主要是讲利用各种方法来测地球年龄。两句结合，推测出作者的意思是说明可以用估计太阳年龄的方法估计地球年龄。D正确。A是说地球年龄的问题和太阳能源来源的问题一样有趣，无中生有;B是说Hutton的想法推动了物理学天文学和地理学的进步，无中生有;C是说解释了为什么大量能量从太阳流出来，也是无中生有的。确定选D。
10. According to paragraph 5, Immanuel Kant recognized that the Sun's energy
A.could not be sustained through chemical reactions over the long term.
B.came from compression resulting from the force of gravity.
C.was largely the result of chemical reactions that took place over a period of more than a millennium.
D.was necessary to fuel most of the chemical reactions on Earth.
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答案：
A选项正确
解析：
本题题干关键词是人名Immanuel Kant，根据这个人名定位到句子It had been recognized by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) that chemical reactions could not supply the tremendous amount of energy flowing from the Sun for more than about a millennium. 本句大意为Immanuel Kant这个人发现化学反应并不足以提供上千年来从太阳放射出来的能量。A选项就是本句的同义转述，正确;B选项是说太阳能量来自重力产生的挤压，与此句无关;C是说太阳能量大部分是由化学反应提供的，与原句不符，原句主要是说化学反应不足以提供太阳的能量;D是说太阳能量对于地球上的化学反应来说是必须的，无中生有。
11. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is NOT true about scientists most recent estimate of Earth's age?
A.It is based on information taken from the examination of meteorites.
B.It is surprisingly consistent with estimates from the nineteenth century.
C.It is confirmed by solar evolution models.
D.It puts the age of Earth at about 4 5 billion years.
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答案：
B选项正确
解析：
本题的A，C，D三个选项都可以在第六段的最后一句找到：By the 1960s, both analysis of meteorites and refinements of solar evolution models converged on an age for the solar system, and hence for Earth, of 4 5 billion years. 这句大意是：直到20世纪60年代，meteorites的分析和solar evolution models的细化这两者共同先得出了太阳的年龄，又算出了地球的年龄是大约四五十亿年。A出现在analysis of meteorites，C出现在refinements of solar evolution models，D出现在hence for Earth, of 4 5 billion years。B选项原文中并没有提及，无中生有，是错误选项，选择B。
12. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the formation of the solar system?
A.The Sun was already billions of years old when the planets were formed.
B.The planets closest to the Sun formed first.
C. Meteorites entered the solar system sometime after the planets were formed.
D.All parts of the solar system formed at approximately the same time.
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答案：
D选项正确
解析：
本题关键词是formation of the solar system，带回原文，定位到本句：By the 1960s, both analysis of meteorites and refinements of solar evolution models converged on an age for the solar system, and hence for Earth, of 4 5 billion years. 本句关键在于converged on an age for the solar system，即聚合成为太阳系的年龄，与D选项的太阳系各部分在大约同一时间形成是一个意思，选择D。A，B和C在原文中并没有提及，属于无中生有，不选。
13. Look at the four squares [ ■ ]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This idea came to be known as the principle of uniformitarianism, and Herodotus was only the first to apply it
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [ ■ ] to insert the sentence in the passage.
One of the first recorded observers to surmise a long age for Earth was the Greek historian Herodotus, who lived from approximately 480 B.C. to 425 B.C. ■ He observed that the Nile River Delta was in fact a series of sediment deposits built up in successive floods. ■ By noting that individual floods deposit only thin layers of sediment, he was able to conclude that the Nile Delta had taken many thousands of years to build up. ■ More important than the amount of time Herodotus computed, which turns out to be trivial compared with the age of Earth, was the notion that one could estimate ages of geologic features by determining rates of the processes responsible for such features, and then assuming the rates to be roughly constant over time. ■ Similar applications of this concept were to be used again and again in later centuries to estimate the ages of rock formations and, in particular, of layers of sediment that had compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rocks.
答案：
D选项正确
解析：
先分析下需要插入的句子：This idea came to be known as the principle of uniformitarianism, and Herodotus was only the first to apply it. 我们可以发现，这个句子开头是this idea，这个主意，this这个指代词的出现说明这个idea曾经在前文被提到过。在四个可以插入的位置一一去试试，发现More important开头的那一句里出现了idea的同义词notion。进一步联系上下文，发现插入句的结尾apply it可以和本段最后一句applications呼应上，确定在最后一个位置即D处插入。
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. The Question is worth 2 points
Determining the age of Earth has been a difficult problem in the history of science.
Answers Choices
A. Herodotus attempted to calculate Earth's age by observing sediment deposits, but modem principles for estimating Earth's age from geologic processes arose from the work of Steno and Hutton.
B. Gaps in the sedimentary record began to be recognized by Kant and were later made clear by physicists studying the Sun's sources of energy.
C. Radio isotopic dating, made possible by the discovery of radioactivity, and the discovery of nuclear fusion cleared up questions about both Earth s age and the Sun's energy source.
D. Hutton described the effects of wind and water on masses of uplifted rock and was the first to suggest that much of the sedimentary record was missing due to erosion.
E. Early estimates of Earth's age based on the rates of geologic processes were inaccurate, and calculations based on estimates of the Sun's age and energy source were also extremely low.
F. In the 1960s scientists moved from analysis of meteorites to refinements of solar evolution models and determined the age of the solar system to be at least a billion years.
Drag your answer choices to the space where they belong. To remove an answer choice, double click on it.
答案：
ACE选项正确
解析：
本题需要我们依次看一下选项。A选项讲的是Herodotus通过沉积层测地球年龄，以及现代Steno和Hutton通过地质过程来测地球年龄，本选项总结概括了第一二段的主旨大意，正确;B选项根据Kant定位到第五段，但是出现Kant的句子里只是说了化学反应不足以给太阳供能，选项里的事情并没有提，属于无中生有，不选;C选项说的是radioactivity的作用，概括了第六段的主要内容，选;D选项根据Hutton找到The effects of wind and water then break down the masses of uplifted rock, producing sediment that is transported by water downward to ultimately form layers in lakes, seashores, or even oceans.这一句，选项是对的但是是细节不是概括，不选;E选项说早期根据地质活动推测地球年龄是不准的，后来根据太阳来推测也是低估的，对应本文一二五六段，是概括的结论，选;F选项说科学家发现太阳系至少有十亿年年龄，无中生有，不选。
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