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Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or
present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier
ice. A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small
delicate ice constals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground
for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole
mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new
snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further
compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old,
which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation—a process by
which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice
crystals—finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of
recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the
percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than
20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years,
but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters
deep by the time the lower layers art converted into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the
entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water
exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure
level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger
accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice. Formation of a glacier is
complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to
make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep
within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached,
the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick
ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the
most snow accumulates. The up down leads to the eventual melting of ice.
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