小编为
一.问答逻辑
在今天文章当中，我们会涉及到问答逻辑信号，这类逻辑在文章中的出现标志非常明显，易于同学们来辨别捕捉。
问答逻辑，简单说就是在文章当中有提问或者有解答的内容出现。我们看下面这个例子：
①Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is tiny.
②Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past.
③Where did all the water go?
④The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet’s polar caps.
在这段话当中，非常扎眼的就是③句的问句。①②句分别说到宇航员没有发现火星表面有液体水的直接证据，但是大程度的流出通道也表明火星在过去存在着大量水。②句的转折逻辑yet引出了一个奇怪的现象，似乎需要更多的理由去解释。果然，③④句中出现了我们今天的重点——问答逻辑。③句本身就是一个问题，而④句中的answer标志着③句问题当中的答案所在，并且也是对①②句的奇怪现象的解释：水都去了哪里呢?答案可能是水都封存在地下的永久冻土中，以极地地区为最多。
此外，问答逻辑同样也是我们在做题时应该预判的出题点，在上述这篇文章的总结题中，其中一个正确选项就同义转述了问答逻辑当中的内容：There is very little evidence of liquid water on Mars today, and it is assumed that all the water that once existed on the planet is frozen beneath its surface.
二.举例说明
我们来再看下一题：
① Although southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas, problems of water were paradoxically more severe in the wet south.
② While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modern archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north.
③ The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table.
在这三句话当中，没有了上一个例题里面非常明显的带有问号标志的问答逻辑，但是通过分析精读，我们依旧可以发现存在于文章当中的问答信息。②句中讲到：这些情况(指代①句当中水资源问题在南部更严重)使得Maya在南部居住困难，同时也困扰考古学家很难理解为什么潮湿南部比干旱北部受到更大的干旱影响。②句中的why已经非常明确的表达了提问的寓意。不过如果没有敏感的捕捉出来问答逻辑也不要紧，③句一开头作者又一次给出了我们问答逻辑的信号：The likely explanation：可能的解释。有解释就一定有问题，所以②句中就一定存在③句要解释的问题，也就是why的部分，因此②③两句共同构成问答逻辑。
我们来看文章对应题目：
Q：The phrase “The likely explanation” in the passage refers to the explanation for why
○ the southern Maya areas received more rainfall than the northern areas
○ modern archaeologists have difficulty understanding ancient droughts
○ water problems were most severe in the wet south
○ land surface in the south is so high above the water table
题目问的就是③句中explanation解释的内容是什么，这就是我们刚刚分析的②句当中why提出的问题。因此选项C为正确答案。
三.巩固强化
再看一题：
① How did those dense southern Maya populations deal with the resulting water problem?
② It initially surprises us that many of their cities were not built next to the rivers but instead onhigh terrain in rolling uplands.
③ The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.
④ For example, reservoirs at the Maya city of Tikal held enough water to meet the drinking water needs of about 10,000 people for a period of 18 months.
在这段话中，①句的问句是非常明显的问答逻辑中的提问：南部Maya如何应对水资源问题?③句中的explanation是在解释上述的问题：解释是Maya挖掘改造自然洼地，在洼地底部涂抹灰泥来堵住喀斯特地貌的裂口，建成水库，收集雨水以备旱季之用。④句中for example举例继续补充说明③句内容：位于Tikal的蓄水可供一万人饮用18个月。所以说，Maya是靠雨季时收集的资源来度过旱季。
同样，问答逻辑预判出题点，我们看题目：
Q：What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about how residents of Tikal met their needs for water and food during most periods of drought?
○They depended upon water and food that had been stored for use during the dry season.
○They obtained drinking water and water for crop irrigation from Coba dikes.
○They located their population centers near a lake where water was available for drinking and watering crops.
○They moved locations every 18 months to find new croplands and water sources.
选项A中的内容作为同义改写，表达了文章的内容。另外，此题为推断题。推断题的答案往往不出现在文章当中，因此不易选择。这时可以利用非反未来帮助作答，选项B的crop irrigation，选项C的a lake where water was available for drinking and watering crops，选项D的moved locations every 18 months均未提及。
四.总结
总结一下，问答逻辑是一项非常明显，易于捕捉的逻辑信号。只要有提问，有回答，那这里就一定是问答逻辑。在确定逻辑位置之后，我们需要理解文章当中提问内容，之后读清回答解释的内容，并同时准确预判出题点，做到从做题人到出题人的角色转换。同学们理解了吗?
另外有一则好消息，针对托福备考，