81.The warp was always made of willow，and the most commonly used welt was sedge root—a
woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread.
(a woody fiber 作 sedge root 的同位语)
经向篾条总是用柳条做成，使用最多的横向篾条是莎草根，这是一种能够被轻易分成不比线
条粗的多股的木质纤维。
解析：
主句为两个并列句：
并列句 1：The warp was always made of willow，
并列句 2：the most commonly used welt was sedge root—a woody fiber
从句 1：that could easily be separated into strands.
从句 2：no thicker than a thread
从句 1 作为同位语从句，修饰并列句 2 中的宾语 sedge root—a woody fiber
从句 2 修饰从句 1 中的 strands
82.Therefore，if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust
may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks.
(特殊结构 may well have been——可能是)
因此，如果地球开始时是太空中一个过热的球体，那么所有组成地壳的岩石都可能是火成的，
因此成为所有其他岩石的祖先。
解析：
主句：all the rocks may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks
从句 1：if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space
从句 2：making up its crust
主句中两个宾语部分 igneous 和 the ancestors of all other rocks 并列
从句 1 作为条件状语从句，修饰主句
从句 2 非谓语动词后置修饰主句中的主语 rocks
83· It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first
appeared--the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter，open competition in place of
social deference and hierarchy，with an attendant rise in social disorder，and the appearance of
factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools.
(It was in the cities that the elements…first appeared 为强调句;破折号之后的部分是对前面
elements 一词的具体说明;attendant——伴随的)
正是在城市里，第一次出现了能够与现代资本主义联系起来的一些因素——货币与商业文件
的使用代替了实物交换，以及随着社会混乱的增加，公开竞争代替了社会顺从和阶层，还有
使用煤或水力的工厂的出现代替了用手工工具劳动的独立手艺人。
解析：强调句型，in plates of ：代替
主句：the elements first appeared in the cities
从句 1：that can be associated with modern capitalism
从句 2：the use of money and commercial paper, open competition and the appearance of factories
从句 3：in place of barter
从句 4：in place of social deference and hierarchy
从句 5：with an attendant rise in social disorder
从句 6：using coal or water power
从句 7：in place of independent craftspeople
从句 8：working with hand tools.
其中从句 8 修饰从句 7 中的 craftspeople
从句 7 修饰从句 2 中的 factories
从句 6 修饰从句 2 中的 factories
从句 5 修饰从句 2 中的 open competition
从句 4 修饰从句 2 中的 open competition
从句 3 修饰从句 2 中的 money and commercial paper
从句 2 修饰主句中的 elements
从句 1 修饰主句中的 elements
84.The older painters，most of whom were born before 1835，practiced in a mode often self-taught
and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the
reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design.
(The older painters…practiced in a mode…and were securely established and fostered by…为句
子主干)
老一代画家大多数出生于 1835 年以前，他们以一种经常是自学的方式和以风景画题材为主
的形式作画。这些老画家是由当时美国艺坛上占统治地位的国家设计学院培养出来的，而且
他们也在那里确立了自己的地位。
解析：
主句 1：The older painters practiced in a mode often self-taught
主句 2：monopolized by landscape subject matter
主句 3：were securely established in
主句 4：fostered by the reigning American art organization
从句 1：most of whom were born before 1835
修饰结构 1：the National Academy of Design
主句 1，2，3，4 是并列关系，用 and 并列
从句 1 修饰主句 1 的 painters
修饰结构 1 是主句 4 中的 American art organization 的同位语
85.Most important，perhaps，was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of
technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist，
Thomas Cole，who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson
River.
(倒装句：Most important…was that…=that…was most important)
也许最重要的是，他们都在某种程度上忠实地保持一种与美国第一位流行山水画家托马
斯·科尔相一致的技巧和创作方式，后者是以描绘临近哈得逊河的恺特斯基尔山风景而建立
其事业的。
解析：倒装结构 Most important…was that
正确顺序：That they had all maintained a manner of technique and composition was most
important
主句：That…was most important
从句 1：they had all maintained a manner of technique and composition
从句 2：who built a career
从句 3：painting the Catskill Mountain scenery
从句 4：bordering the Hudson River.
修饰结构 1：with a certain fidelity
修饰结构 2：consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist
修饰结构 3：Thomas Cole
从句 1 是主句 1 后 that 引导的部分，也就是其中的主语
从句 2 是修饰结构 2 中的 artist 的同位语
从句 3 是修饰从句 2 中的 career
从句 4 是修饰从句 2 中的 scenery
修饰结构 1 修饰从句 1 的谓语 maintain
修饰结构 2 修饰从句 1 中的 technique and composition
修饰结构 3 是修饰结构 2 中 artist 的同位语