今天tpo42阅读答案解析：Geographic Isolation of Species，托福TPO是考生们经常使用的备考资料，也是官方提供的真题汇总，建议大家都认真分析一下，有利于帮助大家充分认识托福考试。
paragraph 1
Biologist Ernst Mayr defined a species as “an actually or potentially interbreeding population that does not interbreed with other such populations when there is opportunity to do so.” A key event in the origin of many species is the separation of a population with its gene pool (all of the genes in a population at any one time) from other populations of the same species, thereby preventing population interbreeding. With its gene pool isolated, a separate population can follow its own evolutionary course. In the formation of many species, the initial isolation of a population seems to have been a geographic barrier. This mode of evolving new species is called allopatric speciation.
1. The word “key” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【词汇题】
A. early B. crucial C. noticeable D. frequent
答案：B
解析：key, 关键的。
Early, 早期的。Crucial, 重要的，决定性的。Noticeable, 显而易见的，值得注意的。Frequent, 频繁的。所以B选项正确。
2. The word “initial” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【词汇题】
A. best B. usual C. first D. actual
答案：C
解析：initial, 最初的。
Best, 最好的。Usual, 通常的。First, 第一，首先。Actual, 真正的。所以C选项正确。
3. According to paragraph 1. allopatric speciation is possible when 【事实信息题】
A. a population contains all the different genes present in a species at a particular time
B. a population becomes isolated due to the presence of a geographic barrier
C. genetic mixing begins to occur in previously separate populations of a species
D. a species is successful in crossing a geographic barrier
答案：B
解析：根据allopatric speciation定位至原文the initial isolation of a population seems to have been a geographic barrier. This mode of evolving new species is called allopatric speciation.其中have been a geographic barrier对应B选项中的the presence of a geographic barrier. 所以B选项正确。
paragraph 1&2
Biologist Ernst Mayr defined a species as “an actually or potentially interbreeding population that does not interbreed with other such populations when there is opportunity to do so.”A key event in the origin of many species is the separation of a population with its gene pool (all of the genes in a population at any one time) from other populations of the same species, thereby preventing population interbreeding With its gene pool isolated, a separate population can follow its own evolutionary course. In the formation of many species, the initial isolation of a population seems to have been a geographic barrier This mode of evolving new species is called allopatric speciation.
Many factors can isolate a population geographically. A mountain range may emerge and gradually split a population of organisms that can inhabit only lowland lakes, certain fish populations might become isolated in this way. Similarity, a creeping glacier may gradually divide a population, or a land bridge such as the Isthmus of Panama may form and separate the marine life in the ocean waters on either side.
4. How is paragraph 2 related to paragraph 1? 【组织结构题】
A. Paragraph 2 points out a number of ways in which the phenomenon of geographic isolation mentioned in paragraph 1 can occur
B. Paragraph 2 identifies discoveries that led to the conclusion presented in paragraph 1 that geographic isolation has played a rote in the origin of many species
C. Paragraph 2 provides evidence supporting the statement in paragraph 1 that a population can follow its own evolutionary course once its gene pool becomes isolated
D. Paragraph 2 explains why the term “allopatric” was adopted to describe the method of speciation described in paragraph 1
答案：A
解析：根据第二段第一句话Many factors can isolate a population geographically.可知接下来的整段内容都将围绕能引起异域种化的因素或途径。而后列举的mountain range, creeping glacier, land bridge都是进一步的对其进行解释说明。所以A选项正确。
paragraph 3
How formidable must a geographic barrier be to keep populations apart? It depends on the ability of the organisms to move across barriers. Birds and coyotes can easily cross mountains and rivers. The passage of wind-blown tree pollen is also not hindered by such barriers, and the seeds of many plants may be earned back and forth on animals In contrast, small rodents may find a deep canyon or a wide river an effective barrier. For example, the Grand Canyon, in the southwestern United Slates, separate the range of the while-tailed antelope squirrel from that of the closely related Harris’ antelope squirrel. Smaller, with a shorter tail that is white underneath, the white-tailed antelope squirrel inhabits deserts north of the canyon and west of the Colorado River in southern California Hams' antelope squirrel has a more limited range in deserts south of the Grand Canyon.
5. In paragraph 3, the author contrasts a variety of organisms to illustrate which of the following points? 【事实信息题】
A. Geographic barriers are less likely to keep apart populations of plants than populations of animals.
B. Geographic barriers are more likely to keep apart populations of large organisms than populations of small organisms
C. Some members of a species are able to cross geographic barriers, while other members of the same species are not.
D. The effectiveness of geographic barriers in keeping organisms apart depends on an organism’s ability to move across barriers.
答案：D
解析：根据organisms定位至原文How formidable must a geographic barrier be to keep populations apart? It depends on the ability of the organisms to move across barriers.其中How formidable must a geographic barrier be to keep populations apart对应D选项中的The effectiveness of geographic barriers in keeping organisms apart. 所以D选项正确。
本文是托福tpo42阅读答案解析：Explaining Dinosaur Extinction。
6. Paragraph 3 supports the idea that white-tailed antelope squirrels and Harris' antelope squirrels have which of the following in common? 【事实信息题】
A. They are the two smallest rodents now found in the southwestern United States.
B. They have white coloring underneath their tails
C. They cannot cross the Grand Canyon
D. They cannot survive in desert conditions
答案：C
解析：根据white-tailed antelope squirrels定位至原文For example, the Grand Canyon, in the southwestern United States, separate the range of the while-tailed antelope squirrel from that of the closely related Harris’ antelope squirrel.可知，科罗拉多大峡谷将白尾巴羚羊松鼠和哈里斯羚羊松鼠隔绝开了，所以C选项正确，这两种羚羊松鼠的共同特点就是无法跨越科罗拉多大峡谷。
paragraph 4
Geographic isolation creates opportunities for new species to develop, but it does not necessarily lead to new species because speciation occurs only when the gene pool undergoes enough changes to establish reproductive barriers between the isolated population and its parent population. The likelihood of allopatric speciation increases when a population is small as well as isolated, making it more likely than a large population to have its gene pool changed substantially. For example, in less than two million years, small populations of stray animals and plants from the South American mainland that managed to colonize the Galapagos Islands gave rise to all the species that now inhabit the islands.
7.The word “undergoes” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【词汇题】
A.experiences B.allows C.prevents D.causes
答案：A
解析：undergoes, 经历，忍受。
Experiences, 经历。Allows, 允许。Prevents, 阻止。Cause, 引起。所以A选项正确。
8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information 【句子简化题】
A. Geographic isolation is sometimes but not always the reason for the creation of reproductive barriers between a parent population and the populations descended from it
B. Genetic changes in a geographical isolated population do not necessarily make the population look different enough from its parent population to be considered a new species
C. Geographical isolation allows the separated populations to evolve independently of each other and so can lead to the formation of new species
D. Geographic isolation can lead to new species only if the gene pool of the isolated population changes enough to prevent it from reproducing with the parent population
答案：D
解析：注意句子中的转折和因果关系，句子主干出现在转折后面，且要注意only后面的内容。句子大意为，只有当物种被隔绝的基因库改变的足够多来防止它们和亲本种群繁殖时，地理隔绝就会产生新的物种。所以D选项正确。
9.According to paragraph 4, why does the size of a population affect the likelihood of allopatric speciation? 【事实信息题】
A. Because smaller populations are more likely than larger ones to become geographically isolated
B. Because the gene pool of a small isolated population is more likely to undergo substantial change than is the gene pool of a larger population
C. Because a isolated population can become a new species with substantially less change to its gene pool than would be required by a larger population
D. Because smaller populations are more likely to be made up of stray animals or plants than larger populations are
答案：B
解析：根据likelihood定位至原文The likelihood of allopatric speciation increases when a population is small as well as isolated, making it more likely than a large population to have its gene pool changed substantially.注意句中的比较关系，并且其中have its gene pool changed substantially对应B选项中的undergo substantial change. 所以B选项正确。
10.The word “managed” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【词汇题】
A.were able B.were forced C.arrived D.expanded
答案：A
解析：managed,设法完成。
Were able, 能够。Were forced, 被迫。Arrived, 到达。Expanded, 扩大。所以A选项正确。
paragraph 5
When oceanic islands are far enough apart to permit populations to evolve in isolation, but close enough to allow occasional dispersions to occur, they are effectively outdoor laboratories of evolution. The Galapagos island chain is one of the world s greatest showcases of evolution Each island was born from underwater volcanoes and was gradually covered by organisms derived from strays that rode the ocean currents and winds from other islands and continents. Organisms can also be carried to islands by other organisms, such as sea birds that travel long distances with seeds clinging to their feathers.
11.Paragraph 5 supports the idea that the Galapagos island chain was able to become “one of the world's greatest showcases of evolution” primarily because of 【事实信息题】
A. the richness of the volcanic soil of each of the islands in the chain
B. the distance of the individual islands from each other and from the mainland
C. the relativity long time it took for the islands to become covered by organisms
D. the outdoor laboratories that scientists have built on the islands to study evolution
答案：B
解析：根据“one of the world's greatest showcases of evolution”定位至原文前一句话When oceanic islands are far enough apart to permit populations to evolve in isolation, but close enough to allow occasional dispersions to occur, they are effectively outdoor laboratories of evolution.可知，岛屿之间的距离和陆地的距离最完美的诠释了进化。所以B选项正确。
paragraph 6
The species on the Galapagos Islands today, most of which occur nowhere else, descended from organisms that floated, flew, or were blown over the sea from the South American mainland For instance, the Galapagos island chain has a total of thirteen species of closely related birds called Galapagos finches These birds have many similarities but differ in their feeding habits and their beak type, which is correlated with what they eat Accumulated evidence indicates that all thirteen finch species evolved from a single small population of ancestral birds that colonized one of the islands. Completely isolated on the island after migrating from the mainland, the founder population may have undergone significant changes in its gene pool and become a new species. Later, a few individuals of this new species may have been blown by storms to a neighboring island. Isolated on this second island, the second founder population could have evolved into a second new species, which could later recolonize the island from which its founding population emigrated. Today each Galapagos island has multiple species of finches, with as many as ten on some islands.
12.According to paragraph 6. what is true about the thirteen species of Galapagos finches?【事实信息题】
A. All thirteen species are now found on most of the Galapagos Islands
B. All thirteen species are descended from the same population of ancestral birds
C. All thirteen species evolved on the island that was originally colonized by finches from the mainland.
D. All thirteen species occur only in small, completely isolated populations.
答案：B
解析：根据thirteen species定位至原文Accumulated evidence indicates that all thirteen finch species evolved from a single small population of ancestral birds that colonized one of the islands.其中a single small population of ancestral birds对应B选项中的the same population of ancestral birds.所以B选项正确。
13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 【句子插入题】
This process of speciation and colonization could have been repeated over and over again, gradually involving all the islands in the chain.
The species on the Galapagos Islands today, most of which occur nowhere else, descended from organisms that floated, flew, or were blown over the sea from the South American mainland For instance, the Galapagos island chain has a total of thirteen species of closely related birds called Galapagos finches These birds have many similarities but differ in their feeding habits and their beak type, which is correlated with what they eat Accumulated evidence indicates that all thirteen finch species evolved from a single small population of ancestral birds that colonized one of the islands.Completely isolated on the island after migrating from the mainland, the founder population may have undergone significant changes in its gene pool and become a new species. [■] Later, a few individuals of this new species may have been blown by storms to a neighboring island. [■]Isolated on this second island, the second founder population could have evolved into a second new species, which could later recolonize the island from which its founding population emigrated.[■]Today each Galapagos island has multiple species of finches, with as many as ten on some islands.[■]
答案：C
解析：根据B选项的这句话，Isolated on this second island, the second founder population could have evolved into a second new species, which could later recolonize the island from which its founding population emigrated.对应待插入句子中的This process of speciation and colonization, 所以C选项正确。
13.Directions：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
【概要小结题】
The geographic isolation of a population can result in the rise of a new species.
Answer Choices
A.Isolation can result when a geographic barrier forms and splits a population or when a few organisms somehow get carried across an existing geographic barrier and form a new population
B.Speciation is more likely when an isolated population is small because significant genetic changes are more likely to occur in a small population than in a large one
C.Because of the geographic isolation of the Galapagos Islands, the species that now inhabit them have gene pools that have not changed very much since the islands were first populated.
D.Fish populations are more easily isolated by geographic barriers than are populations of most other organisms because fish cannot move across areas where there is no water.
E.The Galapagos Islands are well situated for speciation because they provide opportunities for population isolation while also making occasional dispersions between islands possible.
F.Evidence indicates that the first organisms to reach the Galapagos Islands were probably a small population of finches that,in less than two million years of isolation,evolved into thirteen species.
答案：A, B, E
解析：
全文都在讲，当形成地理障碍分隔了一个种群时，或者当一些有机体跨越了地理障碍形成新的种群时，会产生隔离。所以A选项正确。
根据原文The likelihood of allopatric speciation increases when a population is small as well as isolated, making it more likely than a large population to have its gene pool changed substantially.所以B选项正确。
根据原文Completely isolated on the island after migrating from the mainland, the founder population may have undergone significant changes in its gene pool and become a new species.可知，在Galapagos岛上的生物经历了很多的变化，并非C选项中的have not changed very much,所以C选项错误。
根据原文A mountain range may emerge and gradually split a population of organisms that can inhabit only lowland lakes, certain fish populations might become isolated in this way.文中并没有提及鱼类容易被地理障碍隔离，也没有提及是否因为没有水就不能跨越该区域等。所以D选项错误。
根据原文When oceanic islands are far enough apart to permit populations to evolve in isolation, but close enough to allow occasional dispersions to occur, they are effectively outdoor laboratories of evolution.其中allow occasional dispersions to occur对应E选项中的making occasional dispersions, 所以E选项正确。
根据原文Accumulated evidence indicates that all thirteen finch species evolved from a single small population of ancestral birds that colonized one of the islands.可知，原文中的ancestral birds 并非F选项中的finches, 所以F选项错误。
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