2017年9月17日
科学类
The Birth of Photography，参考TPO22-P2
| 2017年9月17日 | |
Title：The Birth of Photography
Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.
Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.
A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800- 1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.
The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.
...
Early American Printing Industry
科学类
The Birth of Photography
Early American Printing Industry
农业类
Agricultural Society in Eighteenth- Century British
America
Water Management in Early Agriculture
经济类
Effects of the Commercial Revolution
Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth
考古类
Environmental Impact of the Anasazi
The Collapse of the Mays
The Chaco Phenomenon
社会类
Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe
Hunting and the Setting of Inner Eurasia
生物类
Extinctions at the End of the Cretaceous
The Cambrian Explosion
The Extinction of the Dinosaurs
How Animals in Rain Forests Make Themselves Heard
Sociality in Animals
Dinosaurs and Parental Care
Habitat Selection
Temperature Regulation in Marine Organisms
Cell Theory
Poikilotherms
Forest Succession
The Role of Diapause
The Identification of the Genetic Material
How Plants and Animals Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands
Constraints on Natural Selection
天文类
Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth
Origin of the Solar System
Comets
文化艺术类
The Origins of Writing
Live Performance
The Origins of Theater
The Development of Printing
Early Theories of Continental Drift
Attempts at Determining Earth’s Age
How Soil is Formed
Earth’s Energy Cycle
Thermal Stratification
The Climate of Japan
The Role of the Ocean in Controlling Climate