下面就是今天
ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As
master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition,
women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by
merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with
machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and
the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the
rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and
masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some
education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they
could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock,
at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.
The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by
hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods
of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented
schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the
same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert,
dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized,
disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way
work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
The first generationto experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock
becamethe symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealinglyabout
"obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of
personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which
apprentices worked closelywith themasters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from
management.Few workers rose through theranks to supervisory positions, and evenfewer could achievethe
artisan's dream of setting up one's ownbusiness. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.
In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and
traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834
individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some
momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength
collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled
craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled
factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened
to 10 hours to most industries by the 185O ’ s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these
gains had little immediate impact.
45
Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by
ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political
party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of
opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United
States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as
the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing
labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.
Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled
artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen.
In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material
supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories
with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities,
and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
1. Which of the following can beinferred from the passage aboutarticles manufactured before 1815?
○ They were primarily produced by women.
○ They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.
○ They were produced with more concern for qualitythan for speed of production.
○ They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.
Paragraph 2: The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily.
Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the
family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing
them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their
skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by
the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in
the passage?
Incorrectanswer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○ Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices butoftentreated them irresponsibly.
○ Theresponsibilities of the masterto the apprentice wentbeyond the teaching of a trade.
○ Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger
family members.
○ Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.
Paragraph 3: The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as
those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The
new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more
regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant
pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who
was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was
46
specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change
in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
3. Theword disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ Prolonged
○ Established
○ Followed
○ Upset
Paragraph 4: The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The
factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained
revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines."
With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops
in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers
from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve
the artisan's dream of setting up one's ownbusiness. Even well-paid workers sensed their declinein status.
4.In paragraph 4, the authorincludes thequotation from a mill worker in order to
○ Support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjustto working in factories
○ To show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise madeby factory machinery
○ Argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories
○ Emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints
5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers
EXCEPT a loss of
○ Freedom
○ Status in the community
○ Opportunities for advancement
○ Contactamong workers who were not managers
Paragraph 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights
and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834
individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some
momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength
collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled
craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled
factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened
to 10 hours to most industries by the 185O ’ s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these
gains had little immediate impact.
6.The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ Made progress
○ Became active
○ Caused changes
47
○ Combined forces
7. The word spearheaded in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ Led
○ Accepted
○ Changed
○ Resisted
8. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800's is supported by paragraph
5?
○ It was most successful during times of economic crisis.
○ Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.
○ It was slow to improve conditions for workers.
○ It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.
Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they
were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational
differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism
were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their
lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to
appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers
by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.
9. The author identifies political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors
that
○Encouraged workers to demand higher wages
○Created divisions among workers
○Caused work to become more specialized
○ Increased workers' resentment of the industrial system
10. The word them in the passage refers to
○ Workers
○ Political patty loyalties
○ Disagreements over tactics
○ Agents of opportunity
Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled
artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and
journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw
material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to
factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the
rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to thepassage.
48
s This new form f of g manufacturing d depended n on e the t movement f of s goods o to t distant locations
anda a a a centralized e source f of laborers.
Where would the sentence best fit?
12. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which of the answer choices describe
characteristics of the period before 1815 and which describe characteristics of the 181 5-1 850 period. This
question is worth 3 points.
Before 1815 1815-1850
●
●
●
●
●
Answer choices
1.A united, highly successful labor movement took shape.
2.Workers took pride in their workmanship.
3.The incomegap between the rich and the poor increased greatly.
4.Transportation networks began to decline.
5.Emphasis was placed on following schedules.
6.Workers went through an extensive period of training.
7.Fewworkers expected to owntheir ownbusinesses.
49
参考答案：
1. ○3
This is an Inferencequestion asking for an inference that canbe supported by the passage.The correct
answeris choice 3, "They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production." A
number of statements throughout the passage support choice3. Paragraph 1 states that "Before 1815
manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans . . . After 18 15
this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or
semiskilled laborers." Paragraph 2 states that "Before the rise of the factory . . . skilled artisans did not
work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely
time." Paragraph 3 states, "The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or
elegantas those doneby hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of
productivity."
Takentogether, thesethree statements, about production rates, the rise of factories after 18 15, and the
declineof craftsmanship after 18 15,support the inference that before 18 15, the emphasis had beenon
quality rather than on speed of production. Answer choices 1, 2,and 4 are all contradicted by the passage.
2. ○2
This is a Sentence Simplification question. As with all of these items, a singlesentence in thepassage is
highlighted:
Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their
apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.
Thecorrect answeris choice 2.Choice 2 contains all of the essential information in the highlighted
sentence.The highlighted sentence explains why (part of thefamily) and how(education, moral behavior)
a master's responsibility wentbeyond teaching a trade. The essential information is the fact that the
master's responsibility went beyond teaching a trade. Therefore, choice2 contains all that is essential
withoutchanging the meaning of the highlighted sentence.
Choice1 changes themeaning of the highlighted sentence b~ stating that masters often treated
apprentices irresponsibly.
Choice3 contradicts theessential meaning of the highlighted sentence.The fact that "Apprentices were
considered part of the family . . . " suggests that they were not actual family members.
Choice4, like choice 3, changes the meaning of the highlighted sentence by discussing family members as
apprentices.
3. ○4
This is a Vocabulary question. Theword being tested is disrupted.It is highlighted in the passage. The
correctanswer is choice4, "upset." The word "upset"here is used in the context of "hurting productivity."
Whensomething is hurt or damaged, it is "upset."
4. ○1
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that canbe found in paragraph 4.
Thecorrect answeris choice I, "support theidea that it was difficult for workers to adjustto working in
factories."The paragraph begins by stating that workers did not adopt new attitudes toward work easily
and that the clock symbolized thenew work rules. Theauthor provides the quotation as evidence of that
50
difficulty. There is no indication in the paragraph that workers quit due to loud noise, so choice2 is
incorrect.Choice 3 (usefulness of clocks)is contradicted by theparagraph. The factory clock was "useful,"
butworkers hated it. Choice 4 (workers complaints as a cause of a factory's success)is not discussed in
this paragraph.
5. ○4
This is a Negative Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in
paragraph 4. Choice 4, "contact among workers who were not managers,"is the correct answer. The
paragraph explicitly contradicts this by stating that "factories sharply separated workers from
management." The paragraph explicitly states that workers lost choice I (freedom),choice 2 (status in the
community), and choice3 (opportunities for advancement) in the new system, so those choices are all
incorrect.
6. ○1
This is a Vocabulary question. Thephrase being tested is "gathered some momentum." It is highlighted in
the passage. The correct answer is choiceI, "made progress." To "gather momentum" means to advance
with increasing speed.
7. ○1
This is a Vocabulary question. Theword being tested is spearheaded. It is highlighted in thepassage. The
correctanswer is choice1, "led." Thehead of a spearleads the rest of the spear, so the crafts workers who
"spearheaded" this movement led it.
8. ○3
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that canbe found in paragraph 5.
Thecorrect answeris choice 3, "It was slow to improve conditions for workers."The paragraph states,
"More than a decade of agitationdid finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by
the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike,but these gains had littleimmediate
impact." This statement explicitly supports choice3. All three otherchoices are contradicted bythe
paragraph.
9. ○2
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information abouta particular phrase in the
passage.The phrase in questionis highlighted in the passage. The correct answeris choice 2,"created
divisions among workers." Theparagraph states (emphasis added): " . . . they (workers) were divided by
ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender; conflicting religious perspectives,occupational differences,
political part loyalties, and disagreements overtactics." So "political party loyalties and disagreements
over tactics'' are explicitly stared as two causes of division among workers. The other choices are not
stated and are incorrect.
10. ○1
This is a Reference question. Theword being tested is them. It is highlighted in thepassage. This is a simplepronoun-referent item. The word themin this sentence refers to those people to whom "thefactory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives." Choice 1, "Workers," is the only choicethat refers to this type of person, so it is the correctanswer.
11. ○4
This is an Insert Text question. You can see the four black squares in paragraph 1 that represent the possible answer choices here.
Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■ As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■ In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. W After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■ Cheap transportation networks,
the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
Thesentence provided, "This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant
locations and a centralized source of laborers," is best inserted at square 4. The inserted sentence refers
explicitly to "a new form of manufacturing." This "new form of manufacturing" is the one mentioned in
the sentence preceding square 4, "factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers."
Theinserted sentence then explains that this new systemdepended on "the movement of goods to distant
locations and a centralized source of laborers." Thesentence that follows square 4 goes on to say, "Cheap
transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift
to factory production."Thus the inserted sentence contains references to both the sentencebefore square
4 and the sentence aftersquare 4. This is not true of any of the otherpossible insert points, so square 4 is
the correct answer.
12. ○○ Before 1815: 2 6 1815-1850: 3 5 7
This is a Fill in a Table question. It is completed correctly below. The correct choices for the"Before 18 15"
column are 2 and 6.Choices 3, 5, and 7 belong in the "1815-1 850" column.Choices 1 and 4 should not be
used in either column.
参考译文
1815 年以前，美国的制造业仅限于技术高超的工匠在自己家中和作坊中进行生产。作为师傅，工匠们将自己的手艺传授给徒弟和雇工。此外，妇女们在家中通常也会兼职从事一些生产活动，将商业资本家提供的原料制成成品。1815 年以后，这种古老的生产模式逐渐消失，雇佣没有技术或半技术劳动者的机械化工厂开始兴起。廉价的交通运输网络、城市的兴起和资本借贷的可行性都促进了制造业从手工作坊到工厂生产的转变。想要获得适应在工厂工作中劳动力并不容易。在工厂兴起之前，工匠们只是呆家里进行生产，学徒们被视为家庭的一份子，师傅不光负责传授他们手艺，还要教育并监督他们的道德行为。雇工也明白如果他们的技艺足够精湛，就会成为受人尊敬的工匠师傅并拥有自己的作坊。同时，老练的工匠师傅们并不会按照时间计划安排生产，他们更习惯于时而闲暇，时而为了交单连夜赶工的生产方式。
工厂化生产改变了这一切。工厂生产的商品没有手工制作的那么完美和精致，工厂要求工人们提高生产效率，导致工人们对自身技艺的自豪感逐渐弱化。工厂化生产方式要求工人们加强之前没有的时间观念 ，要求他们严格遵守工作时间的安排，铃声响起，工人们开始操控机器稳速运转。工人们在适应新的生产方式的同时，还要摒弃旧习惯。产业主义要求工人们具备机敏、可靠和自律的素质。既然工厂生产已经专业化，旷工与迟到就会降低劳动生产率，也会影响工厂的正常运转。工业化进程不仅促成了一种工作组织形式的根本改变，而且改变了工作的本质。适应新的生产方式对第一代经历产业革命的工人来说是一件非常困难的事情。工厂的时钟变成了新工作规定的象征。一名最终辞职的磨坊工人袒露真情地抱怨道：“让我们听从于叮叮当当的钟表，简直就把我们当成了活生生的机器。”工人们不仅丧失了人身自由，他们的社会地位也开始下降。和手工作坊里徒
弟与监督他们的师傅之间的密切工作关系不同，工厂将工人阶层与管理层明显地区分开。很少有工人能够僭越等级被提升到管理层的岗位，甚至基本没有人能够实现身为工匠时的梦想：经营自己的生意。那些待遇优厚的工人也开始感到他们的社会地位在下降。在这种新的经济秩序中，有时工人们会组织起来共同去保护他们的权利和传统的生活方式。比如木匠 、印刷工人和裁缝等技术工人成立了联盟，并且，在 1834 年，各个独立的联盟组织成立了国家职工联盟。在1837 年大恐慌前之的十年中，工人运动聚集了一些力量，不过随后而来的经济大萧条最终导致了工人力量的瓦解。那段时间，很少有人愿意罢工或者参与工人运动。身为工人运动先锋队的技术工匠们，并没有感到他们与半技术工人和非技术劳动者之间有显著密切的联系。直到 19 世纪 50 年代，超过十年的抗争最终使得大多数行业的工作时间缩短至 10 小时，，但这些权利的影响并没有立即显现。因为对工业体系和他们社会地位丧失的不满，工人们开始联合起来，但他们内部又被另外的因素分裂 ：民族和种族的敌对、性别差异、宗教信仰的冲突、职位差别、对不同政党的忠诚和工作策略的分歧等。对于工人们来说，工厂和工业化不代表着机遇，却时刻提醒着他们自身的丧失，并成为一种控制他们生活的手段。随着美国社会生产变得更加专业化和差异化，更大规模的极端财富开始出现。并且由于新兴市场只给少数人创造财富，工业体系不得不通过将劳动分割成更小的、技术含量更低的工作来降低工人们的工资。
SWIMMING MACHINES
Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes (marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish) swim continuously. Feeding,
courtship, reproduction, and even "rest" are carried out while in constant motion. As a result, practically every
aspect of the body form and function of these swimming "machines" is adapted to enhance their ability to
swim.
Many of the adaptations of these fishes serve to reduce water resistance (drag). Interestingly enough,
several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of
high-speed aircraft. Though human engineers are new to the game, tunas and their relatives evolved their
"high-tech"designs long ago.
Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and
compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species
lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not
protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth,
and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or
depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract
their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.
Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more sophisticated adaptations than these to improve
their hydrodynamics. The long bill of marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish probably helps them slip through
the water. Many supersonic aircraft have a similar needle at the nose.
Most tunas and billfishes have a series of keels and finlets near the tail. Although most of their scales
have been lost, tunas and mackerels retain a patch of coarse scales near the head called the corselet. The
keels, finlets, and corselet help direct the flow of water over the body surface in such as way as to reduce
resistance (see the figure).Again, supersonic jets have similar features.
Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and
over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push
it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking,
since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish
remainbuoyant.
One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes
and tends to slow them down. Some species of tuna have specialized grooves in their tongue. It is thought that
these grooves help to channel water through the mouth and out the gill slits, thereby reducing water
resistance.
There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag. Again,
these fishes are the envy of engineers. Their high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are almost perfectly
adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort. Perhaps most important of all to these and other
fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. They
can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies.
Scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient
propulsionsystems for ships.
The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly
efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C (77"F). This
warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. The
billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm
the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.
Paragraph 1: Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes (marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish) swim continuously.
Feeding, courtship, reproduction, and even "rest" are carried out while in constant motion. As a result,
practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming "machines" is adapted to enhance
theirability to swim.
1. Theword enhance in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ Use
○ Improve
○ Counteract
○ Balance
Paragraph 3: Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are
sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most
species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and
do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff,
smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves
or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract
theirlanding gear while in flight for thesame reason.
2. The word they in the passage refers to
○ Qualities
○ Fins
○ Grooves
○ Depressions
3. Why does the authormention that Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight?
○ To show that air resistance and water resistancework differently from each other
○ To arguethat some fishes are better designed than airplanes are
○ To provide evidence that airplane enginehave studied the design of fish bodies
○ To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes
Paragraph 4: Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more sophisticated adaptations than these to
improve their hydrodynamics. The long bill of marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish probably helps them slip
through the water. Many supersonic aircraft have a similarneedle at the nose.
4.The word sophisticated in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ Complex
○ Amazing
○ Creative
○ Practical
5.According to paragraph4, the long bills of marlins, sailfish, and swordfish probably help these fishes by
○ Increasing their ability to defend themselves
○ Allowing them to change direction easily
○ Increasing their ability to detectodors
○ Reducing waterresistance as they swim
Paragraph 6: Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is
forced in and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in
water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. They must also keep swimming to keep
from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most
otherfish remain buoyant.
6. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant
motion?
○ They lack a swim bladder.
○ They need to suck in more water than otherfishes do.
○ They have large muscles for breathing.
○ They cannot open theirmouths unless they are in motion.
Paragraph 7: One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining
of these fishes and tends to slow them down. Some species of tuna have specialized grooves in their tongue. It
is thought that these grooves help to channel water through the mouth and out the gill slits, thereby reducing
water resistance.
7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in
the passage?
Incorrectanswer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information,
○ These fishes oftenhave a problemopening their mouths while swimming.
○ Thestreamlining of these fishes prevents themfrom slowing down.
○ Thestreamlining of these fishes tends to slow downtheir breathing.
○ Opening the mouth to breathe canreduce the speed of thesefishes.
8.The word channel in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ Reduce
○ Remove
○ Direct
○ Provide
Paragraph 8: There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that
reduce drag. Again, these fishes are the envy of engineers. Their high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are
almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort. Perhaps most important of all to
these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in
the water. They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off"
the eddies. Scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more
efficientpropulsion systems for ships.
9. According to the passage, one of the adaptations of fast-swimming fishes that might be used to improve
the performanceof ships is thesefishes' abilityto
○ Swim directly through eddies
○ Make efficient use of watercurrents
○ Cover great distances without stopping
○ Gain speed by forcing waterpast their gills
Paragraph 9: The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature
are also highly efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C
(77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the
eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue
that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.
10. According to paragraph 9, which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?
○ Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of anyother fish.
○ Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.
○ They can swimin waters that are much colder than their own bodies.
○ They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.
Again, supersonic jets have similar features.
Paragraph 6: ■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is
forced in and over their gills. ■Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in
water and push it past the gills. ■In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. ■They must also keep swimming to
keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps
most other fish remain buoyant.
11. Look at the four squares [■l that indicate where thefollowing sentence can be added to the passage.
, Consequently, tunas do t not need to suck in water.
Where would the sentence best fit?
12. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which features of fishes are associated in the
passage with reducing water resistance and which are associated with increasing thrust. This question is worth
3 points.
REDUCING WATER RESISTANCE INCREASING THRUST
●
●
●
●
●
Features of Fishes
1. Theabsenceof scales from most of the body
2.The ability to takeadvantage of eddies
3. Theability to feed and reproduce while swimming
4.Eyes that do not protrude
5.Fins that are stiff, narrow, and smooth
6.The habit of swimming with the mouth open
7. A high, narrow tail with swept-back tips
参考答案
1. ○2
This is a Vocabulary question. Theword being tested is enhance.It is highlighted in the passage. The
correctanswer is choice2, "improve." To enhance something means to "make it better."If something has
been"improved," it has been made better.
2. ○2
This is a Reference question. Theword being tested is they. It is highlighted in the passage.Choice 2,
"fins,"is the correct answer. This is a simple pronoun-referent item. Theword theyrefers to something
that lies flush with the body when notin use.This is true only of "fins."
3. ○ 4
This is a Rhetorical Purpose question.It asks why the author mentions that "Airplanes retract their
landing gear while in flight." Thephrase being tested is highlighted in thepassage. The correctanswer is
choice4, "To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes." Theparagraph in
which the highlighted phrase appears describes how certain fish use their fins.The highlighted phrase is
used to provide a more familiar example (airplanes)of the principleinvolved to help the reader visualize
how fins work. The paragraph does not discuss airplanes in any othercontext, so choices 2 and 3 are
incorrect.Air and water resistanceare not mentioned in this paragraph, so choice1 is incorrect.
4. ○ 1
This is a Vocabulary question. Theword being tested is sophisticated.It is high lighted in the passage. The
correctanswer is choice1, "complex." If something is sophisticated, it is "not simple," so it must be
"complex."
5. ○ 4
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that canbe found in paragraph 4.
Thecorrect answeris choice 4, "reducing waterresistance as they swim." Theoverall themeof the passage
is how certain fish swim so efficiently. Paragraphs 1 and 2 makethe general statement that "practically
every aspect of the body form and function of theseswimming 'machines' is adapted to enhance their
abilityto swim. Manyof the adaptations of thesefishes serveto reducewater resistance (drag)."
Paragraph 4 explicitly states (emphasis added) that "Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more
sophisticated adaptations than theseto improve their hydrodynamics. The long bill of marlins,sailfishes,
and swordfish probably helps them slip through the water." This is a specific example of oneadaptation
that these fish have made to increase theirswimming efficiency. None of theother choices is mentioned in
the paragraph.
6. ○ 1
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that canbe found in the passage.
Thecorrect answeris choice 1, 'They lack a swim bladder."Paragraph 6 explicitly states ".. . tunas must
swimto breathe.They mustalso keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most hale largely or
completely lost theswim bladder . . ." The other choices are not supported by the passage.
7. ○ 4
This is a Sentence Simplification question. As with all of these items, a singlesentence in thepassage is
highlighted:
One potential problem is thatopening the mouth to breathe detracts from the
streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down.
Thecorrect answeris choice 4. That choice contains all of the essential ideas in the highlighted sentence.
It is also the only choicethat does not change the meaning of the sentence.It omits the fact that this is "a
problem” and also "thatit detracts from streamlining" because that information is notessential to the
meaning.
Choice1 says thatthese fish have trouble opening their mouths while swimming, which is not true. Choice
2,that streamlining prevents fish from slowing down, may be true, but it is not mentioned in this
sentence. Thefish are slowed down whenthey opentheir mouths, which reduces streamlining. Choice 3,
that streamlining slows the fishes' breathing, is also not mentioned.
8. ○ 3
This is a Vocabulary question. Theword being tested is channel. It is highlighted in the passage.The
correctanswer is choice3, "direct." Channel here is used as a verb,meaning to "move" or "push."
9. ○ 2
This is a Factual Information questionasking for specific information that can
befound in thepassage. Thecorrect answer is choice 2, "make efficient use of
watercurrents."Paragraph 8 explicitly states: "Perhaps most important of all to
these and otherfast swimmers is their ability to sense and makeuse of swirls and
eddies (circularcurrents) in the water. They can glide past eddies that would slow
them downand then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" theeddies. Scientists and
engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing
more efficient propulsion systems for ships." The other choices are notmentioned
in connection with the performance of ships.
10. ○ 3
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that canbe found in paragraph 9.
Thecorrect answeris choice 3, "They canswim in waters that are much colder thantheir ownbodies."
Thatparagraph says, "Abluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C
(77"F)."So it is clear that choiceC is correct. Choice 1 is not stated in the paragraph. Choice 2 is
contradicted by the paragraph. Choice 4 is true of billfish, notbluefin tuna.
11. ○2
This is an Insert Text question.You can seethe four black squares in paragraph 6 that represent the
possibleanswer choices here. Thelast sentence of paragraph 5 is also reproduced below.
Again, supersonic jets have similar features. ■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have
to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gilts. ■ Accordingly. they have lost most of
the muscles that other fishes use to suckin water and push it past the gills. In fact. tunas must swim to
breathe.■They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely
lost the swim bladder,the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
Thesentence provided, "Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water," is best inserted at square 2.
Thesentence provides an explanation for the muscle loss described in the sentence that follows square 2
and is a result of the fact described in the preceding sentence, which says that because the fish are always
swimming, they only have to open theirmouths to suck in water. Thus if the provided sentence is inserted
at square 2, it provides a logical bridge between cause and effect. Thesentence makes no logical sense
anywhere else.
12. ○ Reducing WaterResistance: 1 4 5; Increasing Thrust 2 7
This is a Fill in a Table question. It is completed correctly below. The correct choices for the"Reducing
waterresistance" column are 1,4,and 5. Choices 2 and 7 belong in the "Increasing thrust" column.
Choices 3and 6 should notbe used in either column.
参考译文
金枪鱼，鲭鱼，和长嘴鱼(或者说成是枪鱼、旗鱼和箭鱼)的游动从不停止。它们的进食，求偶，繁殖，甚至“休息”都在不断的运动中进行。事实上，这些游泳“机器”身体结构的每个部位及其功能都有利于它们更好地游行。为了减少在水中前行的阻力，这类鱼身上产生了很多适应性变化。非常有趣的是，人类为了降低空气阻力加快高速飞机运行速度所进行的设计和这些鱼的适应性变化非常相似。这种设计只是人类工程师的初步尝试，但金枪鱼和他们的同类们已经拥有这种“高科技”设计很久很久。
金枪鱼、鲭鱼和长嘴鱼的流线体型简直就是一件工艺品。他们的身体光滑而坚实。从工程师的角度来看，金枪鱼的体型近乎完美。很多鱼类的绝大多数皮肤上是没有鱼鳞的，特别光滑。它们的眼睛和身体处于同一平面，根本不会凸显出来。身体表面还覆盖着一层光滑透明的外衣，鱼鳍部分坚硬、平稳而狭窄，这些特征都有助于降低前行中的阻力。当鱼儿们不使用鱼鳍时，会将它们折回到特殊的沟槽或者凹陷的地方，与身体保持同一平面，以维持它们平滑的外形。飞机收回起落装置，和这是同样的道理。
和上述特征相比，金枪鱼、鲭鱼和长嘴鱼们拥有更加精明的手段来增加它们在水中的适应性，比如他们的大长嘴。很多超音速飞机的头部就有类似的针状设计。大多数金枪鱼和长嘴鱼的尾巴附近会长有一串脊骨和小鳍。虽然它们身上大部分地方是无鳞的，但在头部附近还保留着一块较粗的鳞片，叫做(鱼的)胸甲。脊骨、小鳍和胸甲有助于水直接流经鱼体表面，降
低阻力(见附图)。同样，超音速飞机的喷头也有类似的特征。
因为金枪鱼的游动从不停止，它们必须张着嘴使水流经它们的腮。而其他鱼类的嘴里都会一块肌肉 ，用于吸水和从腮里排水，金枪鱼的这块肌肉已经退化。实际上，它们必须通过游泳来呼吸。大部分金枪鱼很大程度上已经丧失了其他鱼类用于保持漂浮状态的鱼鳔，或者说已经完全丧失，因此，它们必须保持持续游泳的状态。
一个可能存在的问题在于，金枪鱼张嘴呼吸破坏了它们的流线型体型，有可能会降低它们的游泳速度 。为此有的金枪鱼会在舌头上长有特殊的凹槽，以便引导水流通过嘴巴从腮缝流出，从而减少了阻力。和降低阻力一样，金枪鱼们在游泳动力的加强上也有产生适应性变化。人类工程师在他们面前不得不自叹不如。向后倾斜并且长而狭窄的尾部非常有利于它们用最省力的方式前行。对这些鱼儿以及其他的鱼类游泳健将们来说，要保持在水里快速前行，最重要的可能就是对漩涡和逆流感知及利用的能力。漩涡会降低它们的速度，但它们在流经漩涡时不仅可以轻而易举地滑过而且会通过“推动”漩涡获得额外的动力。
科学家和工程师们正在研究鱼的这种能力，以期设计出更高效的轮船推进系统。这些鱼类的肌肉组织和保温机制也非常高效。一只蓝鳍金枪鱼在 7°C (45°F)的温度下可以保持 25°C(77"F)以上的体温。温暖的体温可以使得肌肉、大脑和眼睛更好地运转。长嘴鱼更厉害。它们有专门改善肌肉组织的加热器，可以使眼睛和大脑保持一定温度，从而保证自己的重要的器官保持在最好的运行状态中。