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The Empire of Alexander the Great
In 334 B.C. Alexander the Great took his Greek armies to the east and in only a few years completed his creation of an empire out of much of southwest Asia In the new empire, barriers to trade and the movement of peoples were removed; markets were put in touch with one another. In the next generation thousands of Greek traders and artisans would enter this wider world to seek their fortunes. Alexander’s actions had several important consequences for the region occupied by the empire.
The first of these was the expansion of Greek civilization throughout the Middle East. Greek became the great international language. Towns and cities were established not only as garrisons (military posts) but as centers for the diffusion of Greek language, literature, and thought, particularly through libraries, as at Antioch (in modern Turkey) and the most famous of all, at Alexandria in Egypt, which would be the finest in the world for the next thousand years.
Second, this internationalism spelled the end of the classical Greek city-state——the unit of government in ancient Greece——and everything it stood for. Most city-states had been quite small in terms of citizenry, and this was considered to be a good thing. The focus of life was the agora, the open marketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person. The philosopher Plato (428-348 B.C.) felt that the ideal city-state should have about 5,000 citizens, because to the Greeks it was important that everyone in the community should know each other. In decision making, the whole body of citizens together would have the necessary knowledge in order generally to reach the right decision, even though the individual might not be particularly qualified to decide. The philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), who lived at a time when the city-state system was declining, believed that a political entity of 100,000 simply would not be able to govern itself.
This implied that the city-state was based on the idea that citizens were not specialists but had multiple interests and talents——each a so-called jack-of-all-trades who could engage in many areas of life and politics. It implied a respect for the wholeness of life and a consequent dislike of specialization. It implied economic and military self-sufficiency. But with the development of trade and commerce in Alexander’s empire came the growth of cities; it was no longer possible to be a jack-of-all-trades. One now had to specialize, and with specialization came professionalism. There were getting to be too many persons to know, an easily observable community of interests was being replaced by a multiplicity of interests. The city-state was simply too "small-time."
Third, Greek philosophy was opened up to the philosophy and religion of the East At the peak of the Greek city-state, religion played an important part. Its gods—such as Zeus, father of the gods, and his wife Hera—were thought of very much as being like human beings but with superhuman abilities. Their worship was linked to the rituals connected with one’s progress through life—birth, marriage, and death— and with invoking protection against danger, making prophecies, and promoting healing, rather than to any code of behavior. Nor was there much of a theory of afterlife.
Even before Alexander’s time, a life spent in the service of their city-state no longer seemed ideal to Greeks The Athenian philosopher Socrates (470-399 B.C.) was the first person in Greece to propose a morality based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state, and for this he was accused of not believing in the city’s gods and so corrupting the youth, and he was condemned to death. Greek philosophy—or even a focus on conscience—might complement religion but was no substitute for it, and this made Greeks receptive to the religious systems of the Middle East, even if they never adopted them completely The combination of the religious instinct of Asia with the philosophic spirit of Greece spread across the world in the era after Alexander’s death, blending the culture of the Middle East with the culture of Greece.
本文是托福tpo43阅读答案+原文+解析【The Empire of Alexander the Great】。
1. According to paragraph 1, Alexander the Great did which of the following? 【事实信息题】
A Regulated the movement and resettlement in southwest Asia of thousands of Greek people
B Opened up opportunities in new markets for traders and artisans
C Created new restrictions on trade
D Encouraged Greek citizens to choose military careers over careers in trade
答案： B
解析：定位句In the next generation thousands of Greek traders and artisans would enter this wider world to seek their fortunes. 在未来，成千上万的希腊商人和工匠会进入更广阔的世界寻求他们的机遇。对应选项B，为商人和工匠创造了新市场中的机会。
2. The word "diffusion" in the passage is closest in meaning to【词汇题】
A adoption
B spread
C teaching
D learning
答案： B
解析： diffusion扩散，传播，对应选项B，传播。
3. In paragraph 2,the author mentions the libraries at Antioch and Alexandria in order to【修辞目的题】
A provide evidence that the library was a cultural institution in the East before it spread to the West
B explain why it was important for Greek to become the great international language
C identify two of the sources of Greek cultural influence within Alexander’s empire
D support the claim that the Greeks transformed Middle Eastern garrisons and military posts into cultural centers
答案： C
解析：定位句为第二段最后一句，提到Antioch的是最有名的图书馆，Alexandria是之后几千年中世界上最好的图书馆，体现这是一种文化的传播。A的before it spread to the West未提及，B的 why it was important 未提及，D transformed …into cultural centers未提及。因此正确答案为C。
4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子简化题】
A Assemblies were held in the agora to discuss some issues of the day, but more fundamental questions were decided by key individuals.
B In a culture where philosophical discussions were frequent, some individuals questioned the value of a life focused on the marketplace.
C Life centered around the agora, an open marketplace and site for public debate, where individuals could participate in decision making.
D The focus of individuals was on fundamental topics such as the purpose of government and the connection between law and freedom.
答案： C
解析：原句核心：生活围绕着集市，在这里人们可以讨论政府的目的或法律与自由的关系，且可以自己做决定。与C选项语序一致，含义匹配, 因此C选项正确。
5. According to paragraph 3，Plato believed that the ideal city-state should be【事实信息题】
A governed by a ruling body of about 5,000 city leaders with a total population of no more than 100,000
B led by the most qualified individual
C governed by the group of citizens with the most knowledge about the issues of the day
D small enough so that everyone would know each other
答案： D
解析：定位句The philosopher Plato (428-348 B.C.) felt that the ideal city-state should have about 5,000 citizens, because to the Greeks it was important that everyone in the community should know each other. 哲学家柏拉图(公元前428 - 348)认为理想的城邦应该大约有5000个公民，因为对希腊人来说在社区的每个人对彼此相互了解是非常重要的。对应选项D的足够小以至于大家都互相认识。
6. Why does the author mention "The philosopher Aristotle"?【修辞目的题】
A To provide additional evidence that the ancient Greeks believed that political units must be small
B To demonstrate the accuracy of philosophers’ predictions about the end of the classical Greek city-state
C To show how changes in the city-state system from the fifth to the third century B C. were reflected in the ideas of its philosophers
D To support the claim that small city-states were ideally suited to produce philosophical inquiry
答案： A
解析：定位句The philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), who lived at a time when the city-state system was declining, believed that a political entity of 100,000 simply would not be able to govern itself. 哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384 - 322),生活在这个城邦制度削弱的时期,。对应选项A的提供额外的证据表明,。
7. The word "declining" in the passage is closest in meaning to 【词汇题】
A at its best
B rapidly expanding
C first being formed
D weakening
答案： D
解析：declining下滑;衰退;倾斜，对应选项D，削弱。
8. According to paragraph 4, Alexander's empire was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT 【否定事实信息题】
A decreased need for military control
B growing professionalism
C growth of cities
D specialization in trades
答案： A
解析：选项B对应原文中的One now had to specialize, and with specialization came professionalism. 现在人们不得不专攻事物，从而变得职业化。选项C和D对应原文中的But with the development of trade and commerce in Alexander’s empire came the growth of cities; it was no longer possible to be a jack-of-all-trades. 但是随着贸易和商业的发展，在亚历山大帝国也在发展,人们再也不可能是万事通。即在帝国发展的情况下人们要专攻贸易变得更为职业化，选项A的减少军事控制未被提及，因此正确答案为A。
9. The word ”peak” in the passage is closest in meaning to【词汇题】
A end
B command
C high point
D beginning
答案： C
解析：peak 山峰;最高点;顶点，对应选项C，最高点。
10. According to paragraph 5, religion in the Greek city-state involved 【事实信息题】
A a set of rules governing behavior
B a detailed conception of life after death
C rituals related to significant life events
D worship of gods who were not like humans
答案： C
解析：定位句At the peak of the Greek city-state, religion played an important part. 在希腊城邦的鼎盛时期,宗教发挥了重要作用。A选项的governing behavior与原文rather than to any code of behavior相反，排除; B选项的 life after death与原文Nor was there much of a theory of afterlife相反，排除; D选项的not like humans与原文very much as being like human beings相反，排除。因此正确答案为C。
11. According to paragraph 6，what was the basis for the accusation against Socrates? 【事实信息题】
A He encouraged people to be guided by their own consciences instead of by the state.
B He stated that people had a duty to fight against the corruption of their leaders.
C He reasoned that the needs of the youth were more important than the needs of the state.
D He argued that people’s behavior should be guided by the religious systems of the Middle East.
答案： A
解析：定位句The Athenian philosopher Socrates (470-399 B.C.) was the first person in Greece to propose a morality based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state…雅典的哲学家苏格拉底(公元前470 - 399年)是希腊人中第一个提出道德应基于个人良心而并非基于国家的要求…对应A的guided by their own consciences instead of by the state。
12.The word "propose" in the passage is closest in meaning to【词汇题】
A suggest
B deny
C consider
D question
答案： A
解析：propose建议;打算，计划，对应选项A，建议。
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 【句子插入题】
Likewise, the collective decision-making process of the open marketplace was no longer practical.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
答案： C
解析：句首引导词Likewise体现上文已经提到一种类似情况，且名词open marketplace在B处出现，对应development of trade and commerce;A处有指代前文信息，不得断开，B处句首But对前文内容进行转折，不得断开。因此正确答案为C。
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. 【概要小结题】
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on it.
To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT
Alexander the Great’s creation of a vast empire had important consequences for Greece and the conquered areas of southwest Asia.
Answer choices
Scholars from Antioch, Alexandria, and other Middle Eastern cultural centers came to Greece to study the Greek language and culture.
Increasing urbanization and the elimination of trade barriers meant the end of the Greek city-state and the creation of a much larger political and economic body.
The professionalism and specialization so prized by the ancient Greeks were replaced by a more generalized philosophy of education in the empire.
The expansion of Alexander’s empire led to the diffusion of Greek language, literature, and thought throughout the Middle East.
The empire saw the birth of a new culture, merging Greek philosophical ideas with the religious spirit of Asia.
Religion played an important part in the expansion of the empire, as Alexander introduced Zeus and the other Greek gods to Asia.
答案： BDE
解析：B选项的elimination of trade barriers对应原文第一段的barriers to trade and the movement of peoples were removed;D选项的diffusion of Greek language, literature对应原文第二段的第三句出现;E选项的merging Greek philosophical ideas with the religious spirit of Asia对应原文第六段的最后一句，religious instinct of Asia with the philosophic spirit of Greece spread across the world。因此正确答案为BDE。
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