托福模拟题，和
托福模拟阅读题精选资料及习题介绍内容如下：
POPULATION AND CLIMATE
The human population on Earth has grown to the point that it is having an effect on Earth's atmosphere and ecosystems. Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, urbanization, cultivation of rice and cattle, and the manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) for propellants and refrigerants are increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, dust, and CFCs in the atmosphere. About 70 percent of the Sun's energy passes through the atmosphere and strikes Earth's surface. This radiation heats the surface of the land and ocean, and these surfaces then reradiate infrared radiation back into space. This allows Earth to avoid heating up too much. However, not all of the infrared radiation makes it into space; some is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere and is reradiated back to Earth's surface. A greenhouse gas is one that absorbs infrared radiation and then reradiates some of this radiation back to Earth. Carbon dioxide, CFCs, methane, and nitrogen oxides are greenhouse gases. The natural greenhouse effect of our atmosphere is well established. In fact, without greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, scientists calculate that Earth would be about 33℃ cooler than it currently is.
The current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 360 parts per million. Human activities are having a major influence on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, which are rising so fast that current predictions are that atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide will double in the next 50 to 100 years. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report in 1992, which represents a consensus of most atmospheric scientists, predicts that a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration would raise global temperatures anywhere between 1.4℃ and 4.5℃. The IPCC report issued in 2001 raised the temperature prediction almost twofold. The suggested rise in temperature is greater than the changes that occurred in the past between ice ages. The increase in temperatures would not be uniform, with the smallest changes at the equator and changes two or three times as great at the poles. The local effects of these global changes are difficult to predict, but it is generally agreed that they may include alterations in ocean currents, increased winter flooding in some areas of the Northern Hemisphere, a higher incidence of summer drought in some areas, and rising sea levels, which may flood low-lying countries.
Scientists are actively investigating the feedback mechanism within the physical, chemical, and biological components of Earth's climate system in order to make accurate predictions of the effects the rise in greenhouse gases will have on future global climates. Global circulation models are important tools in this process. These models incorporate current knowledge on atmospheric circulation patterns, ocean currents, the effect of landmasses, and the like to predict climate under changed conditions. There are several models, and all show agreement on a global scale. For example, all models show substantial changes in climate when carbon dioxide concentration is doubled. However, there are significant differences in the regional climates predicted by different models. Most models project greater temperature increases in mid-latitude regions and in mid-continental regions relative to the global average. Additionally, changes in precipitation patterns are predicted, with decreases in mid-latitude regions and increased rainfall in some tropical areas. Finally, most models predict that there will be increased occurrences of extreme events, such as extended periods without rain (drought), extreme heat waves, greater seasonal variation in temperatures, and increases in the frequency and magnitude of severe storms. Plants and animals have strong responses to virtually every aspect of these projected global changes.
The challenge of predicting organismal responses to global climate change is difficult. Partly, this is due to the fact that there are more studies of short-term, individual organism responses than there are of long-term, systemwide studies. It is extremely difficult, both monetarily and physically, for scientists to conduct field studies at spatial and temporal scales that are large enough to include all the components of real-world systems, especially ecosystems with large, freely ranging organisms. One way paleobiologists try to get around this limitation is to attempt to reconstruct past climates by examining fossil life.
The relative roles that abiotic and biotic factors play in the distribution of organisms is especially important now, when the world is confronted with the consequences of a growing human population. Changes in climate, land use, and habitat destruction are currently causing dramatic decreases in biodiversity throughout the world. An understanding of climate-organism relationships is essential to efforts to preserve and manage Earth's biodiversity.
第1题 According to paragraph 3, climate models predict that all of the following events will occur with the increase in greenhouse gases EXCEPT
A、greater seasonal temperature changes
B、prolonged heat waves
C、increased diversity of plants and animals
D、longer dry periods
2题 The word "virtually" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A、nearly
B、presumably
C、usually
D、visually
3题 The word "incorporate" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A、describe
B、include
C、expand
D、present
4题 According to paragraph 3, rainfall amounts are predicted to decrease in what parts of the world?
A、In mid-latitude regions
B、In tropical areas
C、In mid-continental regions
D、At the poles
5题 The phrase "this process" refers to
A、the interaction between physical and biological components of Earth's climate system
B、the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
C、predicting future global climate
D、global circulation models
6题 The word "consensus" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A、publication
B、debate
C、collection
D、agreement
7题 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A、The rapid rise of carbon dioxide concentrations can be attributed largely to the actions of humans.
B、Predictions about atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide indicate that the influence of human activities will double soon.
C、In the next 50 to 100 years, human activities will no longer have an influence on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
D、Human activities can influence current predictions about atmospheric conditions.
8题 According to paragraph 2, what can be said about the effects of global changes?
A、The local plants and animals will be permanently damaged.
B、It is hard to know exactly what form the local effects will take.
C、Seawater levels will fall around the world.
D、The effects will not occur in some regions of the worl
9题 It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one positive aspect of greenhouse gases is that they
A、absorb 70 percent of the Sun's energy
B、can be rapidly replenished in the atmosphere
C、remove pollutants from ecosystems
D、help keep Earth warm
10题 The phrase "makes it" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A、is reflected
B、collects
C、arrives
D、blends
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