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The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water.
Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It
dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly
Line modifying the face of the Earth.
(5) Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported
by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of
continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form
brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This
immense polarized network channels the water toward a single recepatcle: an ocean.
(10) Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its
potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea
level.
The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a
measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the
(15) average time for a water molecule to pass throught one of the three reservoirs—
atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times are very different. A water
molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a
continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of
the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water
(20) transport on the continents.
A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the
continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are
dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where
they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes
(25) soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the
continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical
erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on
different factors.
8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT
(A) magnesium
(B) iron
(C) potassium
(D) calcium
答案：B
The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing
mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and
porcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not
Line as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.
(5) Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent
environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per
unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly.
Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may
fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.
(10) Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for
insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for
food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs.
The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal
leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or
(15) leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off
and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and
plucking food with their hands.
Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for
large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that
(20) typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it
can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard,
even bouncing on a limb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small
animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface
area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect
(25) diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be
problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.
2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?
(A) Monkeys
(B) Cats
(C) Porcupines
(D) Mice
答案：D
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the
contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly
formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power,
Line women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some
(5) significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best
contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important
letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second
President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions.
During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.
(10) Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts
of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male
counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and
they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.
During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of
(15) history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National,
regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal
correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources
form the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States; one
at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the
(20) Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable
materials for later generations of historians.
Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the
nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women"
theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great
(25) men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American
life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies. or else important
women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public
life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not
representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people
(30) continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.
9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT
(A) authors
(B) reformers
(C) activists for women's rights
(D) politicians
答案：D
Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other
being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of
glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the
Line product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and
(5) vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need
hardly be stressed.
Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-
making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain
Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was
(10) more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.
The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the
economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was
required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in
sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of
(15) Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its
passengers experts in potash making.
The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs were piled up and burned in
the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the
bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was
(20) boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into
what was called potash.
In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of
land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land
could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New
(25) Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic,
consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite
the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to
encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods
in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.
1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How it was made
(B) Its value as a product for export
(C) How it differs from other alkalis
(D) Its importance in colonial North America
答案：C
2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:
(A) They are alkalis.
(B) They are made from sea plants.
(C) They are used in making soap.
(D) They are used in making glass.
答案：B
7. According to paragraph 4, all of following were needed for making potash EXCEPT
(A) wood
(B) fire
(C) sand
(D) water
答案：C
Pennsylvania's colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both
industrial and political implications. The colonists in North America wanted the right to
the profits gained from their manufacturing. However, England wanted all of the
Line colonies' rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories, and also wanted the
(5) colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passed legislation in 1750 to
prohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneur
Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making had
become the backbone of American industry. It also had become one of the major issues
that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies. By the
(10) time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, was
manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.
After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other "iron plantations," continued to
form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rural
landscape became dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke,
(15) charcola-fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal so crucial to the nation's
growth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and workers produced goods during
war and peace¬—ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast-iron
stoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.
The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of
(20) iron ore near the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron, hardwood
forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel, rushing water to power the bellows that
pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor. By the
1830's, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast-iron stoves,
for which there was a steady market. As Pennsylvania added more links to its
(25) transportation system of roads, canals, and railroads, it became easier to ship parts made
by Hopewell workers to sites all over the east coast. There they ware assembled into
stoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the "Hopewell stove". By the time the
last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1883, the community had produced some
80,000 cast-iron stoves.
5. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
(A) Many workers were available in the area
(B) The center of operations of the army was nearby
(C) The metal ore was easy to acquire
(D) There was an abundance of wood
答案：B
Under the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are
deposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds;
or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also reveal
Line clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.
(5) What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that
gradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of
trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers
—all of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and
smaller pieces that eventually become clay.
(10) Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is the
most abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxides
silica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and some so-called impurities
such as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is the
basis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful
(15) objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with
impermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanic
action, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock
called obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard,
dense material. Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire
(20) clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay can
stand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or melting.
Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for
the differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenware
flowerpot.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following areas?
(A) in desert sand dunes
(B) in forests
(C) on hillsides
(D) near rivers
答案：A
In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiously
watched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of
Jupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
Line after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out
(5) along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first
glimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly
scientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giant
planet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire
that quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed
(10) at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was
transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the
tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues form these explo-
sions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to
from dark ribbons.
(15) Although this impact event was of considerable scientific importance, it especially piqued
public curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening television
newscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientific
endeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before
our very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the
(20) fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catstrophe by random
assaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should not
have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary explo-
ration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in
geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.
3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following EXCEPT
(A) a dismembered body
(B) a train
(C) a pearl necklace
(D) a giant planet
答案：D
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or
wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and
Line weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during
(5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American
producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton
gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating
the fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was
relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were
(10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available
only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter
growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a
worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-
powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from
(15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later
development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity
further.
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of
the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American
(20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American
exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in
1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.
In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American
exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The
(25) growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an
unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the
United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.
3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT
(A) cotton's softness
(B) cotton's ease of processing
(C) a shortage of flax and wool
(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.
答案：C
Flatfish
Members of the flatfish family, sand dabs and flounders, have an evolutionary advantage over many colorfully decorated ocean neighbors in that they are able to adapt their body coloration to different environments. These aquatic chameleons have flattened bodies that are well-suited to life along the ocean floor in the shallower areas of the continental shelf that they inhabit. They also have remarkably sensitive color vision that registers the subtlest gradations on the sea bottom and in the sea life around them. Information about the coloration of the environment is carried through the nervous system to chromatophores, which are pigment-carrying skin cells. These chromatophores are able to accurately reproduce not only the colors but also the texture of the ocean floor. Each time that a sand dab or flounder finds itself in a new environment, the pattern on the body of the fish adapts to fit in with the color and texture around it.
1. It is NOT stated in the passage that sand dabs
A are a type of flatfish
B are in the same family as flounders
C have evolved
D are colorfully decorated
2. According to the passages, it is NOT true that sand dabs and flounders
A have flattened bodies
B live along the ocean floor
C live in the deepest part of the ocean
D live along the continental shelf
3. All of the following are stated about the vision of sand dabs and flounders EXCEPT that they are
A overly sensitive to light
B able to see colors
C able to see the sea bottom
D aware of their surroundings
4. It is NOT true that chromatophores
A are skin cells
B carry pigment
C adapt to surrounding colors
D change the ocean floor
5. It is NOT mentioned in the passage that sand dabs and flounders
A move to new environments
B adapt their behavior
C can change color
D adapt to textures around them
参考答案：DCADB
paragraph Wrigley's Chewing Gum
1 Wrigley's chewing gum was actually developed as a premium to be given away with other products rather than as a primary product for sale. As a teenager, William Wrigley Jr. was working for his father in Chicago selling soap that had been manufactured in his cents, and this selling price did not leave a good profit margin for the merchants. Wrigley convinced his father to raise the price to ten cents and to give away cheap umbrellas as a premium for the merchants. This worked successfully, confirming to Wrigley that the use of premiums was an effective sales tool.
2 Wrigley then established his own company; in his company he was selling soap as a wholesaler, giving baking soda away as a premium, and using a cookbook to promote each deal. Over time, the baking soda and cookbook became more popular than the soap, so Wrigley began a new operation selling baking soda. He began hunting for a new premium item to give away with sales of baking soda; he soon decided on chewing gum. Once again, when Wrigley realized that demand for the premium was stronger than the demand for the original product, he created the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company to produce and sell chewing gum.
3 Wrigley started out with two brands of gum, Vassar and Lotta Gum, and soon introduced Juicy Fruit and Spearment. The latter two brands grew in popularity, while the first two were phased out. Juicy Fruit and Spearment are two of Wrigley's main brands to this day.
11. It is NOT indicated in paragraph 1 that young William was working
A in Chicago
B for his father
C as a soap salesman
D in his father's factory
12. According to paragraph 1, it is NOT true that the soap that young Wrigley was selling
A was originally well-liked
B was originally priced at five cents
C originally provided little profit for merchants
D eventually became more popular with merchants
13. According to paragraph 2, it is NOT true that, when Wrigley first founded his own company, he was
A selling soap
B selling chewing gum
C giving away cookbooks
D using baking soda as a premium
14. It is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 that Wrigley later
A sold baking soda
B used chewing gun as a premium to sell baking soda
C sold chewing gum
D used baking soda as a premium to sell chewing gum
15. According to paragraph 3, the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company did all of the following EXCEPT
A begin with two brands of gum
B add new brands to the original two
C phase out the last two brands
D phase out the first two brands
参考答案：DABDC