今天我们找了几个TPO中比较典型的排除题题型，TPO14、TPO15、TPO20这三套题，对这些题型进行了详细的解析，让大家通过这些内容的学习，彻底攻克排除题题型。
TPO14排除题
第二篇 Maya Water Problems
2题，易错选A
Paragraph 2: From north to south in the Yucatan Peninsula, where the Maya lived, rainfall ranges from 18 to 100 inches (457 to 2,540 millimeters) per year, and the soils become thicker, so that the southern peninsula was agriculturally more productive and supported denser populations. But rainfall in the Maya homeland is unpredictably variable between years; some recent years have had three or four times more rain than other years. As a result, modern farmers attempting to grow corn in the ancient Maya homelands have faced frequent crop failures, especially in the north. The ancient Maya were presumably more experienced and did better, but nevertheless they too must have faced risks of crop failures from droughts and hurricanes.
2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a difference between the northern and southern Yucatan Peninsula?
○The annual rainfall was greater in the south.
○The population density was lower in the north.
○Agricultural productivity was greater in the south
○Rainfall was more unpredictable and variable in the south.
红色为对应查读关键词。A 项对应 原文第一句话，同义改写;从北到南，雨量18-100，就是南方多;B 对应第一句话后半句，南方产量高所以人口多;相应的是北方人口少;正确;C 对应原文，正确。D 的不可预测性没有对应具体哪个方位的，所以作为排除项。答案D
第三篇 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasi
10题。易错选B
Paragraph 4: Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.
10. According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of social inequality in pastoralist societies EXCEPT:
○It exists and has existed to some degree in most pastoral societies.
○It is most marked during periods of military conquest.
○It is expressed in the form of a rigid hierarchy based largely on heredity.
○It is usually too insignificant to be discussed in terms of class differences.
这个题主要错在B 项上;很多同学认为 前句说了Inequalities存在于大多数。。，后文有except，应该是不inediquate，推出military 时期的是反Inequalities，就把B排除了;事实是，在句子中，except military 时期，too to stable，也就是不稳定;那说明military时期稳定;所以B 是对的。But 跟的是except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. C 说的是严格等级制度，原文是too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies，(that 之后是修饰成分不作为主要)，不形成…。所以答案与原文相反。D项说不根据等级差别讨论;与原文的只是被暗示一致。
TPO15排除题
第三篇Glacier Formation
5题，错觉得CD都该选
Paragraph2: Glaciers are open systems, with snow as the system's input and meltwater as the system's main output. The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables: precipitation and temperature. For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass, there must be sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and calving, which occurs when the glacier loses solid chunks as icebergs to the sea or to large lakes. If summer temperatures are high for too long, then all the snowfall from the previous winter will melt. Surplus snowfall is essential for a glacier to develop. A surplus allows snow to accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumulated over the years to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow. Glaciers are sometimes classified by temperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers.
5. According to paragraph 2, surplus snow affects a glacier in all the following ways EXCEPT:
○It provides the pressure needed to cause glacial ice to flow.
○It offsets losses of ice due to melting, evaporation, and calving.
○It brings about the formation of firn in the snow it buries.
○It results in temperate glaciers that are thicker than polar glaciers.
A 对应A surplus allows snow to accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumulated ;B项对应match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and calving,;D未提及比较。C 对应to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow.这里稍稍关系前文firn的描述，也是属于冰川形成过程中的步骤，前段是这样描述的With additional time, pressure, and refrozen meltwater from above, the small firn granules become larger, interlocked crystals of blue glacial ice。
TPO20排除题
第一篇 Westward migration
4题，错选的C
Paragraph 2: Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers-most of them farmers, some of them artisans-drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break thereafter lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover, European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.
4.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT
O the desire to move from one place to the next
O the hope of improving their socioeconomic status
O the opportunity to change jobs
O the need to escape religious or political crises
同样考察排除题同义定位的查读
根据ABCD 的关键字进行定位，本题难于其他同类题型的要害在于选项关键词的同义改写，我们在找关键点的时候，要注意大范围概念的查读，并且根据你所选择的各个选项的关键词的大概念查读。比如A 项desire对应原文 ambitious people;daring settlers who kept pushing westward;B项socioeconomic status对应原文believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position.;C项change jobs对应原文some people changed occupations easily and believed。。。;D项religious很特殊，所对应的位置是The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic.简化一下是美国人的欧洲祖先，因宗教问题离开;主语与题目主语不对应。因此此选项属于错误选项。应排除。
12题，易错选D
Paragraph 5: Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850's steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. Next came the Erie Canal, an enormous project in its day, spanning about 350 miles. After the canal went into operation, the cost per mile of transporting a ton of freight from Buffalo to New York City declined from nearly 20 cents to less than 1 cent. Eventually, the western states diverted much of their produce from the rivers to the Erie Canal, a shorter route to eastern markets.
12.Paragraph 5 mentions that the Erie Canal led to a reduction in all of the following EXCEPT
O the length of the route that goods from the West traveled across to reach eastern markets
O the cost of transporting freight
O the price of produce from western states
O the amount of produce from western states that was shipped on rivers
红色部分是每个选项的关键词;据此原文直接定位;先找Erie Canal，很容易，然后在附近找"减少"的项目ABCD。很容易的，我们找到了cost跟的关键词declined，虽然是同义改写，但根据词根我们也知道是下降之类;河流river处，我们发现是大量的产品from the river ，说明必然是离开，也就是河流处，大部分产品减少(字面做题片段思维);两项出来了;最后一句话是a shorter route to eastern markets，也是说路线减短了;最后剩下的什么产品的价值，关键词未出现在Next came the Erie Canal 所引领的层次之后(答案必然从这里面找，对应题干Erie Canal led to。。。);属于未提及选项。因此答案选C.
同义改写的概念出现在细节题，排除题，句子简化题，修辞目的题，推断题等几乎所有题型当中，希望同学们倍加留心。
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