It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared--the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter，open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy，with an attendant rise in social disorder，and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools.
(It was in the cities that the elements…first appeared为强调句;破折号之后的部分是对前面elements一词的具体说明;attendant——伴随的)
正是在城市里，第一次出现了能够与现代资本主义联系起来的一些因素——货币与商业文件的使用代替了实物交换，以及随着社会混乱的增加，公开竞争代替了社会顺从和阶层，还有使用煤或水力的工厂的出现代替了用手工工具劳动的独立手艺人。
解析：强调句型，in plates of ：代替
主句：the elements first appeared in the cities
从句1：that can be associated with modern capitalism
从句2：the use of money and commercial paper, open competition and the
appearance of factories
从句3：in place of barter
从句4：in place of social deference and hierarchy
从句5：with an attendant rise in social disorder
从句6：using coal or water power
从句7：in place of independent craftspeople
从句8：working with hand tools.
其中从句8修饰从句7中的craftspeople
从句7修饰从句2中的factories
从句6修饰从句2中的factories
从句5修饰从句2中的open competition
从句4修饰从句2中的open competition
从句3修饰从句2中的money and commercial paper
从句2修饰主句中的elements
从句1修饰主句中的elements
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