托福阅读背景知识:考古类之big house

2022-05-24 20:13:05

  在

  托福阅读真题再现:

  人们在canyon上发现了big house是在很短的时间内出现的,大约是在11世纪,后来停止建造,在13世纪又被遗弃了。Big house非常大,有很多层,需要从很远的地方运来木材,以及collective work,所以17世纪以前,考古学家都以为这里存在森林,然而它所在的位置今天是非常干旱和恶劣的,于是研究人员推测这个地方以前是个绿洲,吸引了非常多的人过来盖big house. 但是建筑学家研究发现,它处在一个网状的结构中心,周围有居民的房子,又发现了一些遗迹和器皿,因此推断它有宗教用途。但是地质学家研究发现那段时间有大量的水资源流向那里,宗教用途的推断受到质疑,研究者认为是因为这个地方非常适合农业,所以才在这里盖big house.

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  相关背景:

  A great house is a large house or mansion with luxurious appointments and great retinues of indoor and outdoor staff, especially those of the turn of the 20th century (i.e., the late Victorian or Edwardian era in the United Kingdom and the Gilded Age in the United States). Examples include the English country house, the "stately homes of England" and the homes of various "millionaires' row" (or "millionaires' mile") in some U.S. cities such as Newport, Rhode Island. In Ireland, the term big house is usual for the houses of the Anglo-Irish ascendancy. By some reports, the summer homes of the wealthy at Newport averaged four servants per family member. There was often an elaborate hierarchy among staff, domestic workers in particular. It was considered declassé to refer to one's own townhouses, estates or villas (or those of friends) as mansion sand modern etiquette books still advise that the terms house, big house or great house be used instead.

  As in the past, today's great houses are limited to heads of state, the very rich, or those who have inherited them; few in the developed world are staffed at the level of past centuries. The International Guild of Butlers estimates that the annual salaries of a 20-25 person household staff total in excess of US$1,000,000.

  In countries with supplies of cheap domestic labor, the middle classes are still able to afford household help, but not approaching the numbers involved in the running of a great house.

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(编辑:Sally)

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