Lightning
Lightning is a brilliant flash of light produced by an electrical discharge from a storm cloud. The electrical discharge takes place when the attractive tension between a region of negatively charged particles and a region of positively charged particles becomes so great that the charged particles suddenly rush together. The coming together of the oppositely charged particles neutralizes the electrical tension and releases a tremendous amount of energy, which we see as lightning. The separation of positively and negatively charged particles takes place during the development of the storm cloud.
The separation of charged particles that forms in a storm cloud has a sandwich-like structure. Concentrations of positively charged particles develop at the top and bottom of the cloud, but the middle region becomes negatively charged. Recent measurements made in the field together with laboratory simulations offer a promising explanation of how this structure of charged particles forms. What happens is that small (millimeter-to centimeter-size) pellets of ice form in the cold upper regions of the cloud. When these ice pellets fall, some of them strike much smaller ice crystals in the center of the cloud. The temperature at the center of the cloud is about -15℃ or lower. At such temperatures, the collision between the ice pellets and the ice crystals causes electrical charges to shift so that the ice pellets acquire a negative charge and the ice crystals become positively charged. Then updraft wind currents carry the light, positively charged ice crystals up to the top of the cloud. The heavier negatively charged ice pellets are left to concentrate in the center. This process explains why the top of the cloud becomes positively charged, while the center becomes negatively charged. The negatively charged region is large: several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter. Below this large, cold, negatively charged region, the cloud is warmer than -15℃, and at these temperatures, collisions between ice crystals and falling ice pellets produce positively charged ice pellets that then populate a small region at the base of the cloud.
Most lightning takes place within a cloud when the charge separation within the cloud collapses. However, as the storm cloud develops, the ground beneath the cloud becomes positively charged and lightning can take place in the form of an electrical discharge between the negative charge of the cloud and the positively charged ground. Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive, so even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning, it has received a lot of scientific attention.
Using high-speed photography, scientists have determined that there are two steps to the occurrence of lightning from a cloud to the ground. First, a channel, or path, is formed that connects the cloud and the ground. Then a strong current of electrons follows that path from the cloud to the ground, and it is that current that illuminates the channel as the lightning we see.
The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream of these negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters of the ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure.
Once a channel has been formed, it is usually used by several lightning discharges, each of them consisting of a stream of electrons from the cloud meeting a stream of positive particles along the established path. Sometimes, however, a stream of electrons following an established channel is met by a positive stream making a new path up from the ground. The result is a forked lightning that strikes the ground in two places.
Paragraph1 : Lightning is a brilliant flash of light produced by an electrical discharge from a storm cloud. The electrical discharge takes place when the attractive tension between a region of negatively charged particles and a region of positively charged particles becomes so great that the charged particles suddenly rush together. The coming together of the oppositely charged particles neutralizes the electrical tension and releases a tremendous amount of energy, which we see as lightning. The separation of positively and negatively charged particles takes place during the development of the storm cloud.
1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following take place in the development of a flash of lightening EXCEPT
○ great tension between two oppositely charged regions
○ an increase in negatively charged particles over positively charged particles
○ oppositely charged particles coming together
○ the release of electrical energy in the form of visible light
2.The word "tremendous" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ distinct
○ growing
○ huge
○ immediate
Paragraph 2: The separation of charged particles that forms in a storm cloud has a sandwich-like structure. Concentrations of positively charged particles develop at the top and bottom of the cloud, but the middle region becomes negatively charged. Recent measurements made in the field together with laboratory simulations offer a promising explanation of how this structure of charged particles forms. What happens is that small (millimeter-to centimeter-size) pellets of ice form in the cold upper regions of the cloud. When these ice pellets fall, some of them strike much smaller ice crystals in the center of the cloud. The temperature at the center of the cloud is about -15℃ or lower. At such temperatures, the collision between the ice pellets and the ice crystals causes electrical charges to shift so that the ice pellets acquire a negative charge and the ice crystals become positively charged. Then updraft wind currents carry the light, positively charged ice crystals up to the top of the cloud. The heavier negatively charged ice pellets are left to concentrate in the center. This process explains why the top of the cloud becomes positively charged, while the center becomes negatively charged. The negatively charged region is large: several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter. Below this large, cold, negatively charged region, the cloud is warmer than -15℃, and at these temperatures, collisions between ice crystals and falling ice pellets produce positively charged ice pellets that then populate a small region at the base of the cloud.
3.According to paragraph2, what causes ice crystal to become positively charged?
○ Collisions with ice pellets
○ Collisions with negatively charged ice crystals at the base of the cloud
○ Becoming concentrated in the central region of the cloud
○ Forming at a temperature greater than -15℃
4.The word "acquire" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ reject
○ obtain
○ need
○ produce
5. According to paragraph2, why are positively charged ice pellets produced in the lower part of the cloud?
○ Collisions between ice crystals and ice pellets increase in number in the lower part of the cloud.
○ The lower part of the cloud is smaller than the region above it.
○ More ice pellets than ice crystals reach the lower part of the cloud.
○ Temperature in the lower part of the cloud are warmer than -15℃.
6.According to paragraph2, the middle region of a cloud becomes negatively charged due to all of the following EXCEPT
○ a shift of electrical charged between ice pellets and ice crystals
○ negatively charged ice pellets that remain in the middle
○ a temperature of -15℃ or less
○ the development of a positive charge at the base of the cloud
7.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that part of the reason that the top of a storm cloud becomes positively charged is that
○ the top of the cloud is warmer than the middle of the cloud
○ the middle of the cloud is already occupied by positively charged particles
○ the negatively charged ice pellets are too heavy to be carried by the updrafts that move ice crystals
○ collisions between ice pellets in the top of the cloud produce mainly positively charged particles
Paragraph 3: Most lightning takes place within a cloud when the charge separation within the cloud collapses. However, as the storm cloud develops, the ground beneath the cloud becomes positively charged and lightning can take place in the form of an electrical discharge between the negative charge of the cloud and the positively charged ground. Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive, so even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning, it has received a lot of scientific attention.
8.The author remarks that "Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive" in order to explain why
○ this form of lightning has been investigated so much
○ this form of lightning is not as common as lightning within a cloud
○ scientific understanding of this form of lightning is important
○ the buildup of positive charge on the ground beneath a storm cloud can have serious consequences
Paragraph 4: Using high-speed photography, scientists have determined that there are two steps to the occurrence of lightning from a cloud to the ground. First, a channel, or path, is formed that connects the cloud and the ground. Then a strong current of electrons follows that path from the cloud to the ground, and it is that current that illuminates the channel as the lightning we see.
9.The word "illuminates" in the passage is closet in meaning to
○ opens
○ completes
○ lights
○ electrifies
Paragraph 5: The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream of these negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters of the ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure.
10. According to paragraph5, which of the following is true of the stream of charged particles from the ground?
○ It prevents streams of electrons from the cloud from striking the ground.
○ It completes a channel that connects the storm cloud with the ground.
○ It produces a stream of electrons from the cloud.
○ It widens the path made by the initial stream of electrons from the cloud.
11.Which of the following claims about lightning strikes can be inferred from paragraph 5?
○ During a lightning strike the diameter of the channel the electrons follow is considerably enlarged beyond a few centimeters.
○ A building is unlikely to be hit by lightning unless it is at least 100 meters tall.
○ A building is hit by a lightning strike because the building itself has first determined the path the lightening then takes to it.
○ The light of a lightning strike first appears at the point where the streams of negative and positive particles meet.
12.The word "initiated" is closet in meaning to
○ started
○ intensified
○ finished
○ expected
The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream of these negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters of the ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure. ■
Once a channel has been formed, it is usually used by several lightning discharges, each of them consisting of a stream of electrons from the cloud meeting a stream of positive particles along the established path. ■ Sometimes, however, a stream of electrons following an established channel is met by a positive stream making a new path up from the ground. ■ The result is a forked lightning that strikes the ground in two places. ■
13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
The descending stream of electrons divides at the point where the new positive-stream channel intersects the established path.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Lightning takes place when a separation of a positive and negative electrical particles that develops in a storm could suddenly collapses.
○ A storm cloud first develops a positively charged layer at the top, then a negatively charged middle layer, and finally, a positively charged layer at the bottom.
○ A separation of oppositely charged particles in clouds develops from collisions of falling ice pellets with ice crystals, from updrafts, and from temperature variations.
○ Lightning from cloud to ground follows a channel that forms when a stream of electrons moving down meets a stream of positive particles coming up from the ground.
○ Field studies, laboratory simulations, and high-speed photography have all been used to investigate the way charge separations develop in clouds.
○ Lightning from a cloud to the ground is more likely to be destructive than is lightning that takes place within a cloud.
○ Once a channel has been formed, it is usually used by several successive electrical discharges that illuminate the channel as flashes of lightning.#p#副标题#e#
参考答案：
1. 2
2. 3
3. 1
4. 2
5. 4
6. 4
7. 3
8. 1
9. 3
10. 2
11. 3
12. 1
13. 3
14. A separation of …
Lightning from cloud to ground …
Once a channel has …
参考翻译：闪电
闪电是由雷雨云放电产生的一道明亮夺目的闪光。当带正电荷粒子区域与带负电荷粒子区域之间的吸引力大到使带电粒子瞬间碰撞到一起就会发生放电现象。相反的带电粒子的结合中和了电压并释放出巨大的能量，这就是我们看到的闪电。在雷雨云形成的过程中正负带电粒子相互分离。
形成雷雨云的带电粒子的分离具有一种三明治结构。带正电的粒子聚集在云的顶部和底部，但是中间区域形成的是带负电的粒子。近期的野外测量以及实验室模拟为这种带电粒子的排列结构提供了可能的解释。实际上在此过程中在云层较冷的上部区域形成了细小的(毫米到厘米大小)冰丸。当这些冰丸飘落时，一部分会与云层中心比冰丸小得多的冰晶相撞。云层中心的温度大约在零下15摄氏度或者更低。在此温度下，冰丸和冰晶的撞击会使电荷发生转移，冰丸由此获得了负电而冰晶获得了正电。随后上升气流会将较轻的正电冰晶带到云的顶部。较重的负电冰丸会留在云层中部并积累起来。这个过程解释了为什么云的顶部带正电而中部带负电。带负电的区域非常大：厚度达数百米，直径达几千米。位于这片又大又冷的带负电区域之下的云层的温度要高于零下15摄氏度，在此温度下，冰晶和降落的冰丸的碰撞会产生带正电荷的冰丸，于是在云层的底部聚集成一小片区域。
大部分的闪电发生在云层塌陷电荷分离的云层内部。但是，随着雷雨云的发展，云层下方的地面会带上正电，闪电就能够在带负电的云和带正电的陆地之间以放电的形式发生。击中地面的闪电是最有可能带有破坏性的，所以即使它只占所有闪电的20%，还是受到了很大的科学关注。
通过高速摄影，科学家已经确定从云层到地面发生闪电的过程有两步。首先，要建立连接云层和地面的通道或者路径。然后强电流会沿着这条通道从云层传向地面，这股照亮通道的电流就是我们看到的闪电。
电子从云层基部涌向地面就会开始形成通道。当这些负电荷距离地面不到100米的时候，会遇到来自地面的带正电的粒子流。一旦正负带电粒子流相遇，一条连接云层和地面的完整的通道便形成了。这个通道直径仅有几厘米，但是已经足以使电子以一道闪电这种可见的形式通过通道到达地面。那些与从云层涌来的电子相遇的带正电的粒子流通常来自于高大的带尖顶的建筑物，例如金属旗杆或塔。这就是为什么接下来通过完整通道的闪电往往会击中高层建筑的原因。
一旦通道形成，同一条通道可以发生多次闪电放电，每一次都是来自云层的电子流在已有通道上遇到带正电的粒子。但是有时候，通过已有通道的电子流会遇到从地面新路径来的带正电的电子流。结果就是形成在两处击中地面的叉状闪电。
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