Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture
Agriculture and fishing formed the primary sector of the economy in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century. Dutch agriculture was modernized and commercialized new crops and agricultural techniques raised levels of production so that they were in line with market demands, and cheap grain was imported annually from the Baltic region in large quantities. According to estimates, about 120,000 tons of imported grain fed about 600,000 people: that is about a third of the Dutch population. Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.
Apart from this, being able to give up labor-intensive grain production freed both the land and the workforce for more productive agricultural divisions. The peasants specialized in livestock husbandry and dairy farming as well as in cultivating industrial crops and fodder crops: flax, madder, and rape were grown, as were tobacco, hops, and turnips. These products were bought mostly by urban businesses. There was also a demand among urban consumers for dairy products such as butter and cheese, which, in the sixteenth century, had become more expensive than grain. The high prices encouraged the peasants to improve their animal husbandry techniques; for example, they began feeding their animals indoors in order to raise the milk yield of their cows.
In addition to dairy farming and cultivating industrial crops, a third sector of the Dutch economy reflected the way in which agriculture was being modernized-horticulture. In the sixteenth century, fruit and vegetables were to be found only in gardens belonging to wealthy people. This changed in the early part of the seventeenth century when horticulture became accepted as an agricultural sector. Whole villages began to cultivate fruit and vegetables. The produce was then transported by water to markets in the cities, where the consumption of fruit and vegetables was no longer restricted to the wealthy.
As the demand for agricultural produce from both consumers and industry increased, agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land more intensively and to reclaim more land from wetlands and lakes. In order to increase production on existing land, the peasants made more use of crop rotation and, in particular, began to apply animal waste to the soil regularly, rather than leaving the fertilization process up to the grazing livestock. For the first time industrial waste, such as ash from the soap-boilers, was collected in the cities and sold in the country as artificial fertilizer. The increased yield and price of land justified reclaiming and draining even more land.
The Dutch battle against the sea is legendary. Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its numerous lakes and stretches of water, was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in 1608. The richest merchants in Amsterdam contributed money to reclaim a good 7,100 hectares of land. Forty-three windmills powered the drainage pumps so that they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612, with the investors receiving annual leasing payments at an interest rate of 17 percent. Land reclamation continued, and between 1590 and 1665, almost 100,000 hectares were reclaimed from the wetland areas of Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland. However, land reclamation decreased significantly after the middle of the seventeenth century because the price of agricultural products began to fall, making land reclamation far less profitable in the second part of the century.
Dutch agriculture was finally affected by the general agricultural crisis in Europe during the last two decades of the seventeenth century. However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture. In Europe as a whole, the exceptional reduction in the population and the related fall in demand for grain since the beginning of the seventeenth century had caused the price of agricultural products to fall. Dutch peasants were able to remain unaffected by this crisis for a long time because they had specialized in dairy farming industrial crops, and horticulture. However, toward the end of the seventeenth century, they too were overtaken by the general agricultural crisis.
Paragraph 1: Agriculture and fishing formed the primary sector of the economy in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century. Dutch agriculture was modernized and commercialized new crops and agricultural techniques raised levels of production so that they were in line with market demands, and cheap grain was imported annually from the Baltic region in large quantities. According to estimates, about 120,000 tons of imported grain fed about 600,000 people: that is about a third of the Dutch population. Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consumingfor the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thusstimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.
1. By indicating that production was in line with market demands the author means that Dutch farmers were able to
○ exceed other European countries in agricultural production
○ produce crops mat were similar to those popular in other European countries
○ supply sufficient quantities of the agricultural products that the Dutch population wanted to buy
○ satisfy the demand for high quality agricultural products from the Baltic region
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○ Buying imported grain led to the Dutch demanding that other foodstuffs and consumer goods be imported.
○ Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer goods.
○ Keeping the price of grain low was a primary goal of the Dutch at a time when they could not produce enough grain to provide for all their needs.
○ The demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods forced the Dutch to import grain and other products at a time when maintaining low prices was especially important.
Paragraph 2: Apart from this, being able to give up labor-intensive grain production freed both the land and the workforce for more productive agricultural divisions. The peasants specialized in livestock husbandry and dairy farming as well as in cultivating industrial crops and fodder crops: flax, madder, and rape were grown, as were tobacco, hops, and turnips. These products were bought mostly by urban businesses. There was also a demand among urban consumers for dairy products such as butter and cheese, which, in the sixteenth century, had become more expensive than grain. The high prices encouraged the peasants to improve their animal husbandry techniques; for example, they began feeding their animals indoors in order to raise the milk yield of their cows.
3. The phrase "Apart from" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ Besides
○ Despite
○ As a result of
○ Instead of
4. According to paragraph 2, the increases demands on Dutch agriculture made by urban consumers had which of the following results?
○ Seasonal shortages of the products consumers most wanted
○ Increased production of high-quality grain products
○ Raised prices charged by peasants to urban consumers
○ Different ways of caring for dairy-producing animals
Paragraph 3: In addition to dairy farming and cultivating industrial crops, a third sector of the Dutch economy reflected the way in which agriculture was being modernized-horticulture. In the sixteenth century, fruit and vegetables were to be found only in gardens belonging to wealthy people. This changed in the early part of the seventeenth century when horticulture became accepted as an agricultural sector. Whole villages began to cultivate fruit and vegetables. The produce was then transported by water to markets in the cities, where the consumption of fruit and vegetables was no longer restricted to the wealthy.
5. The word "consumption" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ sale
○ storage
○ exportation
○ utilization
6. According to paragraph 3, the modernization of agriculture in the Netherlands was evident in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
○ The production of fruits and vegetables became a commercial venture.
○ The wealthy stopped growing fruits and vegetables in their gardens and grew flowers instead.
○ Horticultural produce was transported to city markets by water.
○ Many more people were able to afford to eat fresh fruits and vegetables.
Paragraph 4: As the demand for agricultural produce from both consumers and industry increased, agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land more intensively and to reclaim more land from wetlands and lakes. In order to increase production on existing land, the peasants made more use of crop rotation and, in particular, began to apply animal waste to the soil regularly, rather than leaving the fertilization process up to the grazing livestock. For the first time industrial waste, such as ash from the soap-boilers, was collected in the cities and sold in the country as artificial fertilizer. The increased yield and price of land justified reclaiming and draining even more land.
7. Select the TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 4, indicate two methods people used to increase the productivity of their land. To receive credit you must select TWO answers
○ They planted different crops in different sections of the farm each year.
○ They used improved irrigation methods to increase the yield of crops.
○ They increased the use of fertilizers to supply more nutrients to plants.
○ They used new horticultural practices to produce different varieties of plants in the same section of the farm.
Paragraph 5: The Dutch battle against the sea is legendary. Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its numerous lakes and stretches of water, was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in 1608. The richest merchants in Amsterdam contributed money to reclaim a good 7,100 hectares of land. Forty-three windmills powered the drainage pumps so that they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612, with the investors receiving annual leasing payments at an interest rate of 17 percent. Land reclamation continued, and between 1590 and 1665, almost 100,000 hectares were reclaimed from the wetland areas of Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland. However, land reclamation decreased significantly after the middle of the seventeenth century because the price of agricultural products began to fall, making land reclamation far less profitable in the second part of the century.
8. The word "they" in the passage refers to
○ merchants
○ hectares
○ windmills
○ drainage pumps
9. According to paragraph 5, which of the following was an important reason why land-reclamation projects in the first half of the seventeenth century proceeded rapidly?
○ Windmills became powerful enough to run drainage pumps efficiently.
○ Merchants invested large amounts of money in reclamation.
○ High interest rates discouraged people from buying land already available.
○ Reclaimed land was much more suitable for agriculture than the existing land.
10. The word "legendary" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ continuous
○ well documented
○ famous
○ expensive
Paragraph 6: Dutch agriculture was finally affected by the general agricultural crisis in Europe during the last two decades of the seventeenth century. However, what is astonishingabout this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture. In Europe as a whole, the exceptional reduction in the population and the related fall in demand for grain since the beginning of the seventeenth century had caused the price of agricultural products to fall. Dutch peasants were able to remain unaffected by this crisis for a long time because they had specialized in dairy farming industrial crops, and horticulture. However, toward the end of the seventeenth century, they too were overtaken by the general agricultural crisis.
11. The word "astonishing" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ incredible
○ unfortunate
○ predicted
○ evident
12. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
○ A presentation of a theory and the evidence in favor of it
○ A general statement followed by examples and relevant details
○ A analysis of a problem and its solution
○ A series of statements leading to a conclusion
Paragraph 3: In addition to dairy farming and cultivating industrial crops, a third sector of the Dutch economy reflected the way in which agriculture was being modernized-horticulture. ■In the sixteenth century, fruit and vegetables were to be found only in gardens belonging to wealthy people. ■This changed in the early part of the seventeenth century when horticulture became accepted as an agricultural sector. ■Whole villages began to cultivate fruit and vegetables. ■The produce was then transported by water to markets in the cities, where the consumption of fruit and vegetables was no longer restricted to the wealthy.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
Some villages specialized in growing cabbages and carrots; others grew onions, mustard, and coriander; and still others produced fruit and cultivated trees in nurseries.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provides below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.
Agriculture formed one of the primary sectors of the economy in seventeenth-century Netherlands.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
○ The Baltic region produced large quantities of grain for export to other regions, including the Netherlands.
○ The richest people grew enough fruits and vegetables to supply the entire country with fresh produce.
○ An agricultural crisis that began in Europe did not affect Dutch land-reclamation projects.
○ Specialization in dairy farming, industrial crops, and horticulture allowed the Dutch to be more productive than some other regions in Europe.
○ Land reclamation and improvement allowed the Dutch to meet demands for their agricultural products.
○ Because the Dutch had specialized their agricultural output they were less susceptible to the crisis that Europe experienced from the beginning of the century.
参考答案：
1. ○3
2. ○ 2
3. ○ 1
4. ○ 4
5. ○ 4
6. ○ 2
7. ○ 1,3
8. ○ 1
9. ○ 2
10. ○ 3
11. ○ 1
12. ○ 2
13. ○ 4
14. Specialization in dairy…
Land reclamation…
Because the Dutch…
参考翻译：十七世纪的荷兰农业
农业和渔业是十七世纪荷兰经济的主要部分。荷兰农业实现了现代化，新型的商业化农作物和农业技术提高了农产量，以便满足市场的需求，而且每年都会从波罗的海地区进口大量便宜的粮食。据估计，进口的12万吨粮食养活着大约60万人：大概相当于荷兰人口的三分之一。荷兰人自己生产这些粮食昂贵又费时，进口粮食使得现在粮食的价格保持在低位，因而刺激了个人对其他食物和消费品的需求。
除了这些，放弃这种劳动密集型的粮食生产解放了土地和劳动力使之能够参与到更高效的农业生产中。农民在家畜养殖业、乳品业与栽培经济作物和饲料作物(亚麻，茜草，油菜和烟草，啤酒花，芜菁)方面已经专业化。这些产品大多是由城市企业购买。城镇消费者对黄油和奶酪一类的乳制品同样有需求，这些东西在十六世纪就比粮食要贵了。高价格促使农民提高他们的畜牧技术，比如他们开始圈养这些动物以提高奶牛的奶产量。
除了乳品业和工业作物的种植，园艺是荷兰农业经济现代化的第三个部分。在十六世纪，水果和蔬菜只属于有钱人的花园中。直到十七世纪早期,园艺成为农业的一部分这种情况才改变。整个村庄开始种植蔬菜和水果，产品通过水路运送到城市的市场中，在那里水果和蔬菜的消费也不再只是有钱人的专利。
随着消费者和工业对这种农产品的需求增加，耕地变得越来越珍贵，人们对可耕地的利用强度越来越大，并且从湿地和湖泊中开垦了更多的耕地。为了增加已有土地的产量，农民们利用农作物轮作，特别是用动物粪便来给土地定期施肥而不是随意让牧区的牲畜来进行施肥。城市首次收集工业废料, 比如煮皂的灰料和城市废料，并作为人工肥料售给乡下。产量的增加和土地价格的上涨使得开垦和灌溉更多的土地变得合理化。
荷兰与海的斗争是传奇式的。北荷兰有许多湖泊和临海区，特别适合开垦土地，其中完成的最大的一个工程是1608年贝母斯特湖的排水。阿姆斯特丹最富有的商人们花钱来开垦这片7 100公顷的土地。早在1612年，四十三台风车推动着水泵灌溉土地以便把开垦地租给农民，而投资者每年从租金中获得17%的利息。土地开垦一直在继续，在1590到1665年之间，将近十万公顷的土地从荷兰、泽兰
和弗里斯兰的湿地中开垦出来。然而，土地开垦在十七世纪中叶大幅减少，因为农产品的价格开始回落，使得土地开垦的利润在十七世纪下半叶不是那么丰厚了。
荷兰农业最后受到十七世纪最后的二十年欧洲主要农业危机的影响。不过，令人惊讶的不是荷兰农业受到这些危机现象的影响而导致产量和销售量的降低，而是这些危机在荷兰农业中发生得相当晚。欧洲总体来讲，异常的人口减少和相应的对粮食需求的下降从十七世纪早期就开始了，导致农产品价格的下跌。荷兰农民能够在这种危机中长期不受影响是因为他们在乳制品、经济作物以及园艺上的专门化。然而，在十七世纪晚期，他们还是赶上了普遍的农业危机。
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