以下内容是是由。
首先奉上托福考试的词汇题：
Chaotic=disordered
Coalesce=Join
Defining=identifying
Designation=identification
lateral=side
Retain=preserve
Domestic=household
第一篇 First Eye
原文回顾： First Eye不是来源于多细胞生物，比较早期的说法是来源于一些少量的化石，但是没有直接的证据。后来物种爆发后，有很多的化石。找了很多的动物，都发现不是first eye。
解析：生物进化类的文章，单词题有一定的纠结，但是句子结构也清楚。
相关背景学习：
Fossils(from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") arethe preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms fromthe remote past. The totality of fossils, both discovered and undiscovered, andtheir placement in fossiliferous (fossil-containing) rock formations andsedimentary layers (strata) is known as the fossil record.
Thestudy of fossils across geological time, how they were formed, and theevolutionary relationships between taxa (phylogeny) are some of the mostimportant functions of the science of paleontology. Such a preserved specimenis called a "fossil" if it is older than some minimum age, most oftenthe arbitrary date of 10,000 years. Hence, fossils range in age from theyoungest at the start of the Holocene Epoch to the oldest from the ArchaeanEon, up to 3.48 billion years old. The observation that certain fossils wereassociated with certain rock strata led early geologists to recognize ageological timescale in the 19th century. The development of radiometric datingtechniques in the early 20th century allowed geologists to determine thenumerical or "absolute" age of the various strata and thereby theincluded fossils.
Likeextant organisms, fossils vary in size from microscopic, even single bacterialcells one micrometer in diameter, to gigantic, such as dinosaurs and trees manymeters long and weighing many tons. A fossil normally preserves only a portionof the deceased organism, usually that portion that was partially mineralizedduring life, such as the bones and teeth of vertebrates, or the chitinous orcalcareous exoskeletons of invertebrates. Fossils may also consist of the marksleft behind by the organism while it was alive, such as animal tracks or feces(coprolites). These types of fossil are called trace fossils (or ichnofossils),as opposed to body fossils. Finally, past life leaves some markers that cannotbe seen but can be detected in the form of biochemical signals; these are knownas chemofossils or biomarkers.
第二篇 地球大气的形成
原文回顾：先讲述了太阳系的形成，地球的初期温度很高，像铁这类的金属融化成了地壳。之后又形成了磁场。地球表面各种火山爆发形成各种水蒸气，在重力的作用下形成了大气。
解析：社会类的文章，文章结构清晰，按照原因分布进行阅读。
相关背景学习：The atmosphere of Earth
Theatmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that isretained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbingultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouseeffect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnaltemperature variation).
Thecommon name given to the atmospheric gases used in breathing and photosynthesisis air. By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93%argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air alsocontains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1% at sea level,and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Although air content and atmosphericpressure vary at different layers, air suitable for the survival of terrestrialplants and terrestrial animals currently is only known to be found in Earth'stroposphere and artificial atmospheres.
Theatmosphere has a mass of about 5.15×1018 kg, three quarters of which is withinabout 11 km (6.8 mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinnerand thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between theatmosphere and outer space. The Kármán line, at 100 km (62 mi), or 1.57% ofEarth's radius, is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outerspace. Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry ofspacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km (75 mi). Several layers can bedistinguished in the atmosphere, based on characteristics such as temperatureand composition.
Thestudy of Earth's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science(aerology). Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort andRichard Assmann.
第三篇 文明的形成
原文回顾：早期的村庄都在河流附近，因为有水，人们需要依靠农业。之后随着社会的发展，慢慢发明了文字，发展了工艺，形成了等级制度。有了不一样的工作种类，所以新的文明社会形成了。
解析：历史发展类的文章。按照时间顺序进行解读，注意段落之间的联系。
相关背景学习：civilization
Acivilization (US) or civilisation (UK) is any complex state societycharacterized by urban development, social stratification, symboliccommunication forms (typically, writing systems), and a perceived separationfrom and domination over the natural environment. Civilizations are intimatelyassociated with and often further defined by other socio-politico-economiccharacteristics, including centralization, the domestication of both humans andother organisms, specialization of labor, culturally ingrained ideologies ofprogress and supremacism, monumental architecture, taxation, societaldependence upon agriculture, and expansionism. Historically, a civilization wasan "advanced" culture in contrast to more supposedly barbarian,savage, or primitive cultures. In this broad sense, a civilization contrastswith non-centralized feudal or tribal societies, including the cultures of nomadicpastoralists or hunter-gatherers. As an uncountable noun, civilization alsorefers to the process of a society developing into a centralized, urbanized,stratified structure.
Civilizationsare organized in densely populated settlements divided into hierarchical socialclasses with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural populations, which,by the engagement in intensive agriculture, mining, small-scale manufacture andtrade. Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest ofnature, including over other human beings.
Theearliest emergence of civilizations is generally associated with the finalstages of the Neolithic Revolution, culminating in the relatively rapid processof state formation, a political development associated with the appearance of agoverning elite. This neolithic technology and lifestyle was established firstin the Middle East (for example at Göbekli Tepe, from about 9,130 BCE), andYangtze and later in the Yellow river basin in China (for example the Pengtoushanculture from 7,500 BCE), and later spread. But similar "revolutions"also began independently from 9,000 years ago in such places as the Norte Chicocivilization in Peru and Mesoamerica at the Balsas River. These were among thesix civilizations worldwide that arose independently. The neolithic revolutionin turn was dependent upon the development of sedentarism, the domestication ofgrains and animals and the development lifestyles which allowed economies ofscale and the accumulation of surplus production by certain social sectors. Thetransition from "complex chieftains" to "civilisations",while still disputed, seems to be associated with the development of statestructures, in which power was further monopolised by an elite
Towardsthe end of the Neolithic period, various Chalcolithic civilizations began torise in various "cradles" from around 3300 BCE. ChalcolithicCivilizations, as defined above, also developed in Pre-Columbian Americas and,despite an early start in Egypt, Axum and Kush, much later in Iron Agesub-Saharan Africa. The Bronze Age collapse was followed by the Iron Age around1200 BCE, during which a number of new civilizations emerged, culminating inthe Axial Age transition to Classical civilization. A major technological andcultural transition to modernity began approximately 1500 CE in western Europe,and from this beginning new approaches to science and law spread rapidly aroundthe world.
微信扫描下方二维码，第一时间知晓北美留学最新动态，及托福考试考题预测及真题解析!