TPO22-2 The Birth of Photography 摄影术的诞生
此篇文章较难理解，专有名词较多，但题目设置并不难。现在我们就文章本身进行分析，了解相关背景知识及一些特殊句式。
1. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- andlate-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing touse, to learn from, and react to.(推断题出处。)
2. The images produced by the camera obscura, a box like device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screenor a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. (发展初期)
3. Whatwas lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. (暗示了之后进行技术改进的方向，用于回答随后改进的摄影技术的共同点)This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way offixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the"daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.
4. Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that itwas possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treatedas the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor. (句子简化题：因果逻辑关系。)
5. Scientific experiments made by photographers such as Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) demonstrated that the movements of both humansand animals differed widely from the way they had been traditionally represented in art. Even those artists who were most dependent on photography becamereluctant to admit that they made use of it, in case this compromised their professional standing.(摄影给绘画艺术带来的好处：事实信息题出处。)
6. The rapid technical development of photography—the introduction of lighter and simpler equipment, and of new emulsions that coated photographic plates, film, and paper and enabledimages to be made at much faster speeds—had some unanticipated consequences.
7. The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats.(划清主干及其它成分再翻译。)
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