slight = smalladj. 轻微的、小的
provided = ifconj. 假如、倘若
intensive = strongadj. 密集的、强烈的
exploit = take advantage ofv. 利用、使用
approach = come nearerv. 接近
indicative = suggestingadj. 标示的、指示的
confined = limitedv. 轮流、依次
agree on同意
maintainv. 维持
replyv. 回复
assumev. 假设
suspectv. 怀疑
preservev. 保存
thereforeadv. 因此
unlessadv. 除非
第一篇
版本一：M in S地方。感觉是斯洛文尼亚。应该是一种古代人的发展史以及跟不同地方人的对比不同、包括使用的工具，对环境的适应能力，捕食的范围和种类。
版本二：斯堪的纳维亚半岛的人们利用地形找食物和发展出复杂社会文明。后面是讲欧洲的人关系。最后结论就是发展出复杂社会文明为农业有了之后奠定基础
版本三：大概是斯堪的纳维亚的一些发展 分三个阶段发生在三个不同的地区第一个是M开头第二个F第三个E开头 然后这三个是按照时间顺序的 而且F要比M大一些
然后是与欧洲其他的地方一些对比 靠海岸 造船 鱼 当地食物啥的。。尤其是岛南部特别好 因为气候不是那么extreme 而且population大都聚在一起 而别的地方population都被森林隔开 人们只能rely on一些predictable的食物供给 或者用satelite去看别地方什么的。。
解析：本文涉及到斯堪的纳维亚半岛社会发展，具体内容与TPO18 Industrialization in Netherlands and Scandinavia有部分重合，如该地区近海地理位置等，而其他部分的社会发展因素也可参考TPO中历史人文类文章，因为历史类文章一般句子偏长，在阅读过程中较大的难点是句子精准理解。
参考阅读：
Scandinavia is a historical and cultural-linguistic region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethno-cultural Germanic heritage and related languages, which includes the three kingdoms of Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Modern Norway and Sweden proper are situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula, whereas modern Denmark is situated on the Danish islands and Jutland. The term Scandinavia is usually used[by whom?] as a cultural term, but in English usage, it is occasionally confused with the purely geographical term Scandinavian Peninsula, which took its name from the cultural-linguistic concept. The name Scandinavia originally referred vaguely to the formerly Danish, now Swedish, region Scania.
The southern and by far most populous regions of Scandinavia have a temperate climate. Scandinavia extends north of the Arctic Circle, but has relatively mild weather for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream. Much of the Scandinavian mountains have an alpine tundra climate. There are many lakes and moraines, legacies of the last glacial period, which ended about ten millennia ago.
The geography of Scandinavia is extremely varied. Notable are the Norwegian fjords, the Scandinavian Mountains, the flat, low areas in Denmark, and the archipelagos of Sweden and Norway. Sweden has many lakes and moraines, legacies of the ice age.
The climate varies from north to south and from west to east; a marine west coast climate (Cfb) typical of western Europe dominates in Denmark, southernmost part of Sweden and along the west coast of Norway reaching north to 65°N, with orographic lift giving more mm/year precipitation (<5000 mm) in some areas in western Norway. The central part – from Oslo to Stockholm – has a humid continental climate (Dfb), which gradually gives way to subarctic climate (Dfc) further north and cool marine west coast climate (Cfc) along the northwestern coast. A small area along the northern coast east of the North Cape has tundra climate (Et) as a result of a lack of summer warmth. The Scandinavian Mountains block the mild and moist air coming from the southwest, thus northern Sweden and the Finnmarksvidda plateau in Norway receive little precipitation and have cold winters. Large areas in the Scandinavian mountains have alpine tundra climate.
第二篇
版本一：和植物种类有关flowering plant。一种植物在美洲和非洲发现。大部分科学家认为它们祖先是commen ancestor(有细节题)。分布(有题)是由于板块漂移。在太平洋的一个特别的岛发现一种和其祖先很像的植物。
最后在中国发现最早的化石，保存完好(有题)。
版本二：花的起源有人说是热带往两级延伸!有南美 南太平洋 中国!反正就是纠结
版本三：花花的祖先到是谁啊?从化石显示的根茎设么，和现代一些花花推断。科学家们展开了激烈的讨论，有些人觉得呢是这样有些人觉得那样(maintain claim)，大家没有一个定论(consensus, aggrement)能确定的是祖先只有一个!
有一个假说：是有early和last期，early呢花花少但是也是有一定程度上abundant，后期呢花花多。
第二个假说：花花是从早期开始从赤道热带向两级生长，后期花花在两级繁盛。
fuji，很多热带岛岛都证实。但是有一个南太平洋的岛岛上的花花推翻这个假说，大家又慌了。
于是一个北京的130百年前的site发现了，把时间又后推，科学家还是没有搞明白。
解析：涉及到植物进化内容，可参考TPO25 The Evolutionary Origin of Plants以及TPO32 Plant Colonization等文章。从机经判断应该是问题解决型文章，在理解过程中重点抓各假说内容，假说的支撑论据以及被推翻的原因，同时要克服生僻学科词汇造成的干扰。
参考阅读：
Fossilized spores suggest that higher plants (embryophytes) have lived on land for at least 475 million years. Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated, swimming sperm, like the green algae from which they evolved. An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for dispersal by spores to new habitats. This feature is lacking in the descendants of their nearest algal relatives, the Charophycean green algae. A later terrestrial adaptation took place with retention of the delicate, avascular sexual stage, the gametophyte, within the tissues of the vascular sporophyte. This occurred by spore germination within sporangia rather than spore release, as in non-seed plants. A current example of how this might have happened can be seen in the precocious spore germination in Selaginella, the spike-moss. The result for the ancestors of angiosperms was enclosing them in a case, the seed. The first seed bearing plants, like the ginkgo, and conifers (such as pines and firs), did not produce flowers. The pollen grains (males) of Ginkgo and cycads produce a pair of flagellated, mobile sperm cells that "swim" down the developing pollen tube to the female and her eggs.
The apparently sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record initially posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that it was called an "abominable mystery" by Charles Darwin. However, the fossil record has considerably grown since the time of Darwin, and recently discovered angiosperm fossils such as Archaefructus, along with further discoveries of fossil gymnosperms, suggest how angiosperm characteristics may have been acquired in a series of steps. Several groups of extinct gymnosperms, in particular seed ferns, have been proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants, but there is no continuous fossil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved. Some older fossils, such as the upper Triassic Sanmiguelia, have been suggested. Based on current evidence, some propose that the ancestors of the angiosperms diverged from an unknown group of gymnosperms during the late Triassic (245–202 million years ago). Fossil angiosperm-like pollen from the Middle Triassic, (247.2–242.0 Ma) suggests an older date for their origin. A close relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes, proposed on the basis of morphological evidence, has more recently been disputed on the basis of molecular evidence that suggest gnetophytes are instead more closely related to other gymnosperms.[citation needed]
The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events. These occurred at 319 million years ago and 192 million years ago. Another possible whole genome duplication event at 160 million years ago perhaps created the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants. That event was studied by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant, Amborella trichopoda, and directly addresses Darwin's "abominable mystery."
Recent DNA analysis based on molecular systematics showed that Amborella trichopoda, found on the Pacific island of New Caledonia, belongs to a sister group of the other flowering plants, and morphological studies suggest that it has features that may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.
It is generally assumed that the function of flowers, from the start, was to involve mobile animals in their reproduction processes. That is, pollen can be scattered even if the flower is not brightly colored or oddly shaped in a way that attracts animals; however, by expending the energy required to create such traits, angiosperms can enlist the aid of animals and, thus, reproduce more efficiently.
Flowering plants may have evolved in an isolated setting like an island or island chain, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal (a wasp, for example). Such a relationship, with a hypothetical wasp carrying pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could result in the development of a high degree of specialization in both the plant(s) and their partners. Note that the wasp example is not incidental; bees, which, it is postulated, evolved specifically due to mutualistic plant relationships, are descended from wasps.
Animals are also involved in the distribution of seeds. Fruit, which is formed by the enlargement of flower parts, is frequently a seed-dispersal tool that attracts animals to eat or otherwise disturb it, incidentally scattering the seeds it contains (see frugivory). Although many such mutualistic relationships remain too fragile to survive competition and to spread widely, flowering proved to be an unusually effective means of reproduction, spreading (whatever its origin) to become the dominant form of land plant life.
Flower evolution continues to the present day; modern flowers have been so profoundly influenced by humans that some of them cannot be pollinated in nature. Many modern domesticated flower species were formerly simple weeds, which sprouted only when the ground was disturbed. Some of them tended to grow with human crops, perhaps already having symbiotic companion plant relationships with them, and the prettiest did not get plucked because of their beauty, developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to human affection.
第三篇
版本一：herd
讲了brazel配了斑马图。
开头：在大草原上捕猎者因为没有什么遮挡物，容易被发现。(有个句子插入题)第一段讲捕猎动物不容易靠近猎物，但是当他们低头吃草是有个短暂的时间看不到周围，捕猎者借机靠近。
第二段捕猎者一般也是意群一起行动，有几个优点(有个细节题)但也只能针对一个目标
第三段和第四段，被捕猎者有个advantage是群体时更安全，有个头低下有个头抬起来，而且观测到的范围更大了。但是捕猎者也有办法，就是等有一个脱群，就跑到它和群中间，不让它回去就抓住了。捕猎者抓住了一个猎物后就会停下，吃。这时之前跑散了的又都聚集到一起了。
版本二：在草原上面吃草动物和他们的predator的优缺点。草原上肉食没有藏的地方，所以肉食者只能一点点接近。但是食草动物可以一群一起动。这样就总是会有人看到predator他们就一起跑。但是predator也可以群一起来。
版本三：讲的是动物们群居的好处 第一段大概是独居的坏处虽然说荒野上大型的predator不能隐藏但是那个讲的动物忘了叫啥了。。。必须要专心吃东西 必须得低头 所以不是这就一点一点接近然后最后就可以吃了
第二段就是如果在一起的时候可以搞一些strategy然后迷惑捕食者(捕食者只能一次focus on一个动物 这样一群动物可以乱七八糟的走然后捕食者就不能focus
第三段讲第二个好处就是可以有动物放哨具体不解释大概都懂
最后是讲群居也会有离群者 超容易被逮到 一旦逮到之后捕食者就不再管其他的了 所以动物就可以停止奔跑专心吃东西还可以再找掉队的
解析：本文又涉及到近年来常考的动物群居问题，纵观多篇群居和独居的机经文章，关注点均为群居和独居的优缺点，不同的是本文直接关注的是群居角度，并结合捕食者与被捕食的关系讲解，在阅读过程中重点关注群居和好处和strategy，以及捕食者的应对方案，提取框架性内容。
参考阅读：
When an association of animals (or, by extension, people) is described as a herd, the implication is that the group tends to act together (for example, all moving in the same direction at a given time), but that this does not occur as a result of planning or coordination. Rather, each individual is choosing behaviour that corresponds to that of the majority of other members, possibly through imitation or possibly because all are responding to the same external circumstances. A herd can be contrasted with a coordinated group where individuals have distinct roles. Many human groupings, such as army detachments or sports teams, show such coordination and differentiation of roles, but so do some animal groupings such as those of eusocial insects, which are coordinated through pheromones and other forms of animal communication.
The question of why animals group together is one of the most fundamental in sociobiology and behavioural ecology. As noted above, the term herd is most commonly used of grazing animals such as ungulates, and in these cases it is believed that the strongest selective pressure leading to herding rather than a solitary existence is protection against predators. There is clearly a tradeoff involved, since on the one hand a predator may hesitate to attack a large group of animals, while on the other a large group offers an easily detected target. In the case of predators, it is often unclear whether the term herd is appropriate, since there may be some degree of coordination or role differentiation in group hunting. Predator groups are commonly smaller than grazing groups, since although a pack may be more effective at pulling down prey than a single animal, the prey then has to be shared between all members, so that the weaker animals will often be better off hunting smaller prey on their own.