1 修饰成分繁多
e.g. The high cost to investors of developing trade by sea between East and West indicates the great size of the profits that such trade could produce
这种类型在托福阅读句子简化题中常作为考点。他的特点在于有各种修饰成分修饰,让很多考生找不到句子的主要意思,导致考生很难判断整体意思。
首先考生要了解什么是修饰成分,考生才能把这些部分去掉找到句子主干。修饰成分可以分为三大类:
(1)从句:
限于同位语从句,定语从句(形容词性从句),状语从句(副词性从句)即去掉从句之
后对主干的结构没有影响的从句。这里小编大致介绍一下各类从句,具体请同学们再去翻翻自己的语法书啦.
①同位语从句:是对前面的抽象名词进行解释说明的,被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系
e.g. I have no idea what he likes.
②定语从句:从句在主句中作用是形容词。
e.g. There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.
③状语从句:从句在主句中的作用是副词。是可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。
e.g. You should have put the book where you found it.
(2)介词词组:
from.. to… / of… / by…/ without…
(3)非谓语动词形式: doing, to do, done
现在我们来分析第一个例句 to investors, of developing tread, by sea, between East and West属于介词词组是可以去掉的,that such trade could produce属于从句,可以去掉,剩下的主干即:The high cost indicates the great size of the profits. 高的花费表明了巨大的利润。当然修饰成分也不用去得干干净净,以至于句子都没有多少成分,失去了分析的意义;
2 固定词组拆分
e.g. The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not, practically speaking, renewable.
相比于第一种类型出现频率较低。虽然在句子简化题中考的几率不高,但在题目选项中或者是原文关键信息点中会常出现。特点在于如果对于固定词组不熟悉,会导致找不到句子主干,甚至会觉得句子结构出现问题。
这种类型的句子要求学生平时对于固定词组搭配进行累积,这样在句子中看到词组一半内容的时候就要考虑到后面是否会出现另外一半,才能把握句子整体的意思。托福阅读中常见的拆分固定词组有:so/such…that… as…as… neither…nor… from…to… between…and…等。
在前面的例句中就出现了so…that…的拆分,结合第一种类型去掉修饰成分,原文主干信息即: The heat is replaced so slowly that geothermal energy is not renewable. 热量被替换如此慢以至于地热能不可再生。而有些同学对于so…that…句型不熟悉,以为that引导的是从句,而去掉后面的内容,导致整体结构不完整。
3 倒装句型
e.g. Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic professions of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of one's fellows, and entrepreneurial skill make all the difference.
相比于前两者难度较低,只要学生对于句子基本结构有一定的了解,倒装句型比较好辨析。并且句子倒装后对意思整题影响不大,主要内容相对来说还是比较好获取的。
这种类型的句子需要考生了解常见的倒装情况,下列即托福阅读中常见的倒装:
(1)用于neither, nor 及 so后面。
Neither/nor do I.
(2)only +副词、介词短语、状语从句,在句首子开头时,后面的主谓需倒装。
Only by working hard can we passed this difficult examination.
(3) 用于not only 之后。
Not only do I know Tom, but I am his teacher.
(4) 带有否定意义的副词或者状语置于句首时,主谓就需倒装。
Under no circumstances should we give up.
(5) to such lengths, to such degree, to such extent等表示程度的介词短语置于句首,主谓需倒装。
To such lengths did he go on with his windy speech.
(6)as 引导的方式从句中
She travelled a great deal, as did most of her friends.
(7)not until, only when置于句首
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
在第一个例句中就出现了nor的倒装,即商人和工匠也不能容忍…,所以nor后面的内容是商人和工匠没有的,如果不能分辨出这层关系,很有可能导致肯否定理解错误,影响信息点的把握。
上述文章是讲述托福阅读长难句的分离,希望大家可以清晰面对长难句的类型,可以帮助大家都可以取得优异的成绩。