提起
so far = until present = up to now
rooted in = based on
make their way = travel
vulnerable--open to break—open to attack -- weak --susceptible
perishable 容易腐烂的= easy to spoil
Seething 沸腾的 --- overflowing/excited/active
float = stay on the top
be consistent with = be compatible with
property 财产，特征 = characteristic = attribute (名词意为“特征，属性”)
simulated ---- artificial
sort --- type -- kind
staggering摇晃的; 犹豫的; 压倒的(多数) =overwhelming
string线, 绳子; 一行, 一系列 =series
swell -- enlargement --- expand
tract- area – terrain
symmetric 对称的，均衡的 --- balance
taper 逐渐变小 --- diminish --- 收缩
tenet --- principle/belief
turn = change
vast - immense - extensive
with the ordinary citizen's pocketbook = affordable
advent = arrival
affair = matter
chronic --- constant – confirmed 慢性的;证实的
consequence = result/importance
counter = oppose
countervail 补偿，抵消; 对抗 = compensate/oppose
distinction = differentiation/excellence/honor
distribution = dispersion = dispersal
embed = implant
euphoric = extremely happy
flake = fragment
hinder 阻碍，打扰= interfere with
ladings 船货= cargos shipment
mandatory = required, obligatory
mundane 世俗的，平凡的= ordinary
prerequisite = something required (something needed to happen)
rather = instead 相反地/ in some degree在tain
sank (sink的过去式)= descended; dropped to the bottom
scant = minimum
sited = located
sophisticated = refined /elaborated /complex
ubiquitous 到处存在的 = common
unanimity = total agreement
spectator = viewer
sporadic = intermittent /irregular
stylus 铁笔，针状物 = pen
unconceivable = unimaginable
uniformly = evenly/ without variation/consistently
unique = sole/ distinct
warranted = authorized 授权的/justified
assume=take on 呈现/ suppose, posit 假设
foster=promote ，encourage
Plumage羽毛=feather
Composition作文，成分，混合物=mixture
relatively=comparatively
substitute=replacement
premise= assumption
within= inside
have nothing to do = in no relation to
vigorous= strong
scope=extent
extraordinary非凡的，特别的= exceptional 异常的，例外的
uneasy心神不安的，不稳定的=unstable
bulk大小，体积，大多数=major
speed 加速 = increase the rate of
spread=distribute 散布，分布
endeavor 努力= enterprise 进取心，干事业
proximity 接近= nearness
rotate=turn 转动，旋转
assertion主张，断言 = strongly statement
evidence = proof
preeminent卓越的 =foremost 最重要的
barrier障碍物=obstacle
primitive = early
sort = type
rudiment=basic