2018年6月23日场的雅思考试进入倒计时，考鸭们，你们准备好了吗?
文章题目 Living with uncertainty
重复年份 20160109A 20140515
题材 自然环境
题型 判断 7+简答 6
文章大意
澳洲的气候变化无常，所以那里的生物需要很强的应变能力。有一种 P 鸟可以知道什么地方什么时候下雨，可以提前飞去找水喝。当地人为了狩猎把森林烧掉，另一种要吃 salt bush 的鸟就因此灭绝了。欧洲人来了之后大量种植 wheat，Emu 喜欢吃，所以繁殖很快。
部分答案参考：
判断：
第一种鸟避开下雨的地方。N
简答：
1.Aboriginal 做了什么来方便他们打猎 lit fire
2. G 鸟灭绝的原因：salt bush
3. Emu 吃 wheat
文章题目 Trade
重复年份 20160109B 20120728
题材 发展史
题型 暂无
文章大意
贸易的发展史，讲了贸易的人的天性以及各地的贸易发展水平和状况。
Basically trade means exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also called commerce. The actual face of trade was barter, which was the direct exchange of goods and services. Today traders generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, like money, which then makes buying separate from selling, or earning. The invention of money has made trade simpler. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more than two traders is called
multilateral trade. Trade exists for many reasons. It can be due to specialization and division of labor.
Trade exists between regions because different regions have a comparative advantage in the production of some tradable commodity, or because different
regions' size helps getting benefits of mass production.
History of Trade:
Trade originated in prehistoric times. It was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered goods and services from each other when modern money was never even thought of. Peter Watson dates the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago.
Trade is believed to have taken place throughout much of recorded human history. Materials used for the creation of jewelry were traded with Egypt since 3000 BC. Long-distance trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BC, by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia when they traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley. Trading is greatly important to the global economy. From the very beginning of Greek civilization to the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, a financially worthwhile trade brought valuable spice to Europe from the
Far East, including China.
The fall of the Roman Empire, and the succeeding Dark Ages brought insecurity to Western Europe and a near end of the trade network. However some trade did occur, the Radhanites were a medieval group of Jewish merchants who traded between the Christians in Europe and the Muslims of the Near East.
The Sogdians ruled the East-West trade route known as the Silk Road from the end 4th century AD to the 8th century AD.
The Vikings and Varangians also traded from the 8th to the 11th century as they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western Europe, while
Varangians to Russia.
Vasco da Gama restarted the European Spice trade in 1498. Earlier to his sailing around Africa, the flow of spice into Europe was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic importance and helped encourage the Age of Exploration. Spices brought to Europe from distant lands were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling gold.
In the 16th century, Holland was the centre of free trade, imposing no exchange controls, and advocating the free movement of goods.
In 1776, Adam Smith published the paper "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations". This paper criticized Mercantilism, and argued that economic specialization could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since that time the division of labor was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger markets would be able to divide labor more efficiently and thereby become more productive.
The Great Depression was a major economic collapse that ran from 1929 to the late 1930s. There was a great setback in trade and other economic indicators during this period.
The lack of free trade was considered by many as a root cause of the depression. Only during the World War II the recession ended in United States.