今天7月15日预测【完整版】，其中包括听力、口语、阅读以及写作的题目预测，还有解析的资料，请大家提供手机号在网进行下载吧!
1. What is the lecture mainly about?
A. The evolution of Vermeer's painting style
B. Ways that Vermeer's use of models influenced later Dutch painters
C. Efforts to establish the date of one of Vermeer's paintings
D. The enduring appeal of one of Vermeer's paintings
2. According to the professor, how do portraits differ from tronies?
Click on 2 answers.
A. In portraits, the head and shoulders are facing the same direction.
B. In portraits, the subject is intended to represent a specific person.
C. In portraits, a larger proportion of the subject's body is included in the painting.
D. In portraits, the overall dimensions of the painting are larger.
3. Why does the professor describe ways in which light is depicted in Girl with a Pearl Earring?
Click on 2 answers.
A. To make a point about the quality of paint used by Vermeer
B. To imply that Vermeer's style was in transition when the painting was made
C. To point out the precision of Vermeer's observations
D. To give an example of Vermeer's masterful painting technique
4. Why does a student mention the Mona Lisa?
A. To suggest that it might have influenced Vermeer's painting of Girl with a Pearl Earring
B. To point out a similarity in the expressions of Vermeer's model and the woman in the Mona Lisa
C. To ask for clarification about the methods used to assign time periods to undated paintings
D. To question why Girl with a Pearl Earring has not yet been analyzed by a computer
5. According to the professor, what aspect of Girl with a Pearl Earring appealed to the creators of the novel and the opera?
A. Its similarity to other paintings that have inspired writers and composers
B. Its history of ownership by a series of well-known art collectors
C. The way it allowed them to invent a story about the subject of the painting
D. The culture represented by the clothing and jewelry depicted in the painting
6. The professor describes how scholars estimated the date that Girl with a Pearl Earring was painted. What is his opinion of this estimate?
A. It is not fully convincing because it is based on subjective impressions.
B. It relies too heavily on the date that the painting was first sold.
C. It should have taken into account the ages of all of Vermeer's children.
D. Scholars should have agreed on specific dates before making their estimate public.
本文的资料是2017年7月15日托福考试机经大范围预测【完整版】。
第一套：
T1：Some people prefer to live in big cities, others prefer to live in small towns. Which do you prefer? Explain your answer in details.
T2：Some people believe that first-year college students should live in a dorm building that homes only freshmen. Others may prefer the idea that first-year students must live together with students in 2nd, 3rd, or even 4th grade. Which opinion do you agree with? Explain why.
第二套：
T1：Choose one of your favorite methods to relax and explain why it is your favorite. Please include specific details in your explanation.
T2：When things at home such as furniture or electrical devices are broken, some people prefer to have them repaired in a shop, while others prefer to fix them at home. Which do you prefer and why?
类别：生物类 真题 110108CN-P3
Title：Forest Succession
Succession is a continuous change in the species composition, structure, and function of a forest through time following disturbance. Each stage of succession is referred to as a successional sere. The final stage of succession, which is generally self-replacing, is referred to as the climax sere. There are two major types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession is the establishment of vegetation on bare rocks or radically disturbed soil. Secondary succession is the reestablishment of vegetation following a disturbance that killed or removed the vegetation but did not greatly affect the soil. Volcanic eruptions, retreating glaciers, and bare sand dunes are examples of sites subject to primary succession, while clear-cutting of forests, wild fires, and hurricanes are examples of sites subject to secondary succession. Hundreds to thousands of years are required for primary succession to reach the climax sere, compared to decades to hundreds of years for it to occur in secondary succession.
A longer time is needed to reach the climax sere for primary than secondary succession because soil development must first take place in primary succession. The rate of succession is dependent upon the extent of the disturbance and the availability of appropriate seeds for recolonization.
What morphological (structural) and ecophysiological characteristics determine the species composition and abundance in succession? In general, nitrogen fixing plants (plants that can make use of atmospheric nitrogen) are important early succession species in primary succession because nitrogen
is not derived from the weathering of rock and little or no organic matter is present in the soil.
Weedy plants are common early successional species because of their rapid growth and high reproductive rates, while stress-tolerant species are common late successional species.
The structure of a forest changes as well in secondary succession. Depending on the type and the severity of the disturbance, a moderate to large amount of dead organic matter from the previous forest remains on the site immediately from the disturbance. The leaf area of the forest is at a minimum and
slowly increases as new vegetation occupies the site. Following a disturbance, such as a fire, the new canopy (the uppermost spreading and branching layer of a forest) is largely composed of similar-aged, or even-aged, trees. Light, nutrient, and water availability are highest during the early successional sere
because the vegetation has not completely occupied the site. Canopy closure, or maximum leaf area, can occur within several years after disturbance in some tropical forests, but may take three to fifty years in evergreen forests.
In the second stage of forest development there is tree mortality caused by competition for light, nutrients and water. The intense intraspecies (within a species) and interspecies (between species) competition for light, nutrients and water induces the mortality of plants that are shaded or have one or
more life-history characteristics that are not well adapted to the changing environment. The third stage of forest development is characterized by openings in the overstory canopy, caused by tree mortality, and the renewed growth of understory in response to increased light reaching the forest floor.
Consequently, the forest canopy becomes more complex, or multilayered. The final stage of forest development, the climax or old growth stage, is characterized by a species composition that in theory can continue to replace itself unless a catastrophic disturbance occurs. Unique characteristics of old
growth forests include large accumulation of standing and fallen dead trees--referred to as coarse woody debris. Also, the annual input of forest litter is dominated by coarse woody debris compared to the earlier stages of forest development, when leaf and fine root debris were the dominant sources of
nutrients and organic matter input into the soil. Some ecosystems may never reach the latter stages of succession if natural disturbances (fire, flooding,
hurricanes, etc) are frequent. A pyric climax refers to an ecosystem that never reaches the potential climax vegetation defined by climate because of frequent fires. The ecotone, a boundary, between grassland and forest is a pyric climax, and only with fire suppression have woodlands and forests began to advance into these regions.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One quality that a successful leader must have is to make decisions quickly; when a leader takes too much time to make decisions, he will be seen as inefficient to the people he leads.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important investment that can be made to the education of children aged four to seven is giving them a computer.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teaching is harder than it was in the past.