下面是小编整理的2016年12月10日
2016年12月10日托福阅读真题词汇题：
extensive resume
Modify=change
temporary
Simultaneous=at
the same time
excessive
intensive
Trigger=start
magnitude
2016年12月10日托福阅读真题第一篇
题材划分： 工业发展
主要内容：美国工业革命之后各个行业都牛逼了起来，生产力极大的提高了所以产量大增，工业产品生产总值超过了农产品。而且很亏啊产品供给大于需求了。，当一个产业没钱赚供大于求，生产商就不生产了，这样产品少了价格恢复，然后生产商觉得有钱赚，就在开始生产。，生产商没停止生产，只是相互压价而已。最后恶性竞争大家都坐不住了，有的狂做广告和开拓海外市场，有的压低成本，有的就开始各行业联手合作垄断了。有位银行人员说欢迎小竞争，更加欢迎大的竞争，这样才有更多的货款。
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TPO6-Powering the Industrial Revolution
相关背景知识：
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested; the textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and most of the important technological innovations were British. The social, economic and political changes in the previous centuries in Great Britain contributed. Whereas absolutism stayed the normal form of power execution through most parts of Europe, institutions ensured property rights and political safety to the people in the UK after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth, thereby encouraging economic development.
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries. At approximately the same time the Industrial Revolution was occurring, Britain was undergoing an agricultural revolution, which also helped to improve living standards and provided surplus labour available for industry.
Mechanised textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium, and later in France. Since then industrialisation has spread throughout much of the world. The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants.
The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories.
2016年12月10日托福阅读真题第二篇
题材划分： 动物类
主要内容：讲捕食者会在实验室情况下迟到被捕食者的representatives, 让prey species灭掉。但是自然环境中不会，自然环境中捕食者会吃掉几种prey，一种快吃完了就再吃另外一种，这样几个prey的物种数量会交替上升下降但都不会灭亡。举了一个例子说一开始有狼和A共同吃B, 然后狼灭绝了。A的数量很少，然后引入了雪兔，雪兔来了之后疯狂增长，A也就增长，然后吃的雪兔不多的时候，它就去吃狼以前的食物了，然后等雪兔变多了以后再吃雪兔，于是雪兔的数量以10年为一个周期高低交替，而A的数量则是很稳定。第二种情况是捕食者可以帮助prey赶走其他捕食者或者竞争物种，所以这种prey就可以存活下去。另外一个例子中，一种鸟类predator住在一种树的上枝丫上，既吃树的花蕾又吃另外一种动物。这种prey天天求的predator的关注。所以这种predator鸟类虽然对树有害，但能帮助这周prey活下去。第三种情况两个物种之间有竞争关系的时候，强的一方往往占据弱的一方的资源，而predator会控制这样的竞争的平衡，让弱的一方不至于灭绝。
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TPO27- Predator-Prey Cycles
相关知识背景：
A predator is an organism that eats another organism. The prey is the organism which the predator eats. Some examples of predator and prey are lion and zebra, bear and fish, and fox and rabbit. The words "predator" and "prey" are almost always used to mean only animals that eat animals, but the same concept also applies to plants: Bear and berry, rabbit and lettuce, grasshopper and leaf.
Predator and prey evolve together. The prey is part of the predator's environment, and the predator dies if it does not get food, so it evolves whatever is necessary in order to eat the prey: speed, stealth, camouflage (to hide while approaching the prey), a good sense of smell, sight, or hearing (to find the prey), immunity to the prey's poison, poison (to kill the prey) the right kind of mouth parts or digestive system, etc. Likewise, the predator is part of the prey's environment, and the prey dies if it is eaten by the predator, so it evolves whatever is necessary to avoid being eaten: speed, camouflage (to hide from the predator), a good sense of smell, sight, or hearing (to detect the predator), thorns, poison (to spray when approached or bitten), etc.
The fastest lions are able to catch food and eat, so they survive and reproduce, and gradually, faster lions make up more and more of the population. The fastest zebras are able to escape the lions, so they survive and reproduce, and gradually, faster zebras make up more and more of the population. An important thing to realize is that as both organisms become faster to adapt to their environments, their relationship remains the same: because they are both getting faster, neither gets faster in relation to the other. This is true in all predator-prey relationships.
Another example of predator-prey evolution is that of the Galapagos tortoise. Galapagos tortoises eat the branches of the cactus plants that grow on the Galapagos islands. On one of the islands, where long-necked tortoises live, the branches are higher off the ground. On another island, where short-necked tortoises live, the branches are lower down. The cactuses, the prey, may have evolved high branches so that the tortoises, the predators, can't reach them.
(Note, however, not just in this case but in any case of co-evolution and evolution, that there is always more than one cause that forces an organism to adapt, and though it is likely that the higher branches are to avoid the tortoises, it is also possible that it was a different cause, such as the sun, the ocean, or a different organism.)
2016年12月10日托福阅读真题第三篇
题材划分：地质类
主要内容： 讲地球55 million years ago, 碳12与碳13的同位素比值紊乱了，给这个时期起了一个名字叫做Proterozoic。我们可以从浅海区大陆架获得线索，这种甲烷冰很矫情，要特定的压力和温度才能形成，比如在北极圈苔原还有哪里能形成因为气温低。说海底大陆架有些地方也有，这种冰也很矫情，一碰就变成了火，然后问题就来了，这种甲烷冰是怎么如此快速的释放到空气中的，一种假设是海底突然变暖，于是甲烷释放了，但不清楚原因。第二种是温暖的洋流加热了大陆架，第三种是海底山体滑坡。极有可能是这三种因素同时发生导致的甲烷大量释放。但科学家还是不清楚到底释放了多少导致元素和它同位素比例紊乱和到底是什么原因
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TPO25-The surface of Mars
相关知识背景：
Earth (otherwise known as the world, in Greek: Γα?α Gaia, or in Latin: Terra) is the third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago. Earth gravitationally interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon. During one orbit around the Sun, Earth rotates about its axis 366.26 times, creating 365.26 solar days or one sidereal year. Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular of its orbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface within a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days). The Moon is the Earth's only permanent natural satellite; their gravitational interaction causes ocean tides, stabilizes the orientation of Earth's rotational axis, and gradually slows Earth's rotational rate.
Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water. The remaining 29% is land mass—consisting of continents and islands—that together has many lakes, rivers, and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics.
Within the first billion years of Earth's history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the atmosphere and surface, leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, physical properties, and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive. In the history of the Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events. Over 99% of all the species of life that ever lived on Earth are extinct. Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely; most species have not been described. Over 7.3 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival. Humanity has developed diverse societies and cultures; politically, the world is divided into about 200 sovereign states.