很多同学们在准备
Section 1
Conversation 1
1.Why does the man go to talk to the woman?
A.To find out if he can get extended borrowing privileges
B.To find out if he needs to immediately return a book he borrowed
C.To find out why he has to pay a library fine
D.To find out why his borrowing privileges have been suspended
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Librarian:And we are still asking you to bring the book back?
Student:Uh-huh. Do I really have to?
Student:Eh... no, it’s in my dorm room. These are books I want to check out today. Is it OK if I bring that one by in a couple of days?
Librarian: Actually, the due day is tomorrow. After that, there’ll be a two dollar per day fine. But you need to return it today if you want to check out any books today. That’s our policy.
Student:Oh, I see.
从以上对话可以看出，男生到图书馆来是想询问是否需要马上归还自己所借的书。
2.What will the man probably do today? Click on 2 answers.
A.Get photocopies of a book chapter
B.Find out who requested his book
C.Borrow additional books
D.Renew the book Modern Social Problems
答案：AC
解析：(原文中)Librarian:Well, we normally don’t do this, but because of the circumstances we can photocopy up to one chapter for you. Why don’t you do that for the one you are working with right now? And by the time you need the rest of the book, maybe it’ll have been returned.
Student:Oh, that would be great.
... ...
Student:Eh... no, it’s in my dorm room. These are books I want to check out today. Is it OK if I bring that one by in a couple of days?
Librarian: Actually, the due day is tomorrow. After that, there’ll be a two dollar per day fine. But you need to return it today if you want to check out any books today. That’s our policy.
Student:Oh, I see.
根据以上对话，可以看出男生今天要做的两件事是：1. 获得一份自己需要的章节的photocopies 2.要借出其他的书。
3.What is the woman trying to explain when she mentions students who have lost their borrowing privileges?
A.Why the man should not photocopy part of the book
B.The reasons for one of the library’s policies
C.What will happen if the man does not return the book
D.The reason the man has to fill out a form
答案：C
解析：(原文中)Librarian:Yeah, not a lot of people realize that. In fact, every semester we get a few students who would have their borrowing privileges suspended completely because they haven’t returned books. They are allowed to use books only in the library. They are not allowed to check anything out because of unreturned books.
从图书管理员的解释中可以看出，图书管理员想讲出因为没有按时归还图书会导致的后果。
4.How does the man probably feel at the end of the conversation?
A.Annoyed that he has to pay a fine on the book
B.Upset that he is losing his library privileges
C.Glad that he can keep the book for two more weeks
D.Less worried about having to return the book
答案：D
解析：(原文中)Librarian：But before you go, what you should do is fill out a form requesting the book back in two weeks. Then the person who requested it won’t be able to renew it. You’ll get it back quickly.
Student：I’ll do that right now.
从对话来看，男生得到了自己想知道的答案，并且可以拿到 photocopies 来完成文章。C项是迷惑项，但是句中的two more weeks没有提到。
5.Why does the woman say this: (复听题)
A.To make sure she understands what the man’s problem is
B.To encourage the man to return the book to the library soon
C.To check whether the man has already returned the book
D.To see if the man is familiar with the library’s policy
答案：A
解析：(原文中)Librarian:So you signed up for extended borrowing privileges?
Student:Yeah.
Librarian: And we are still asking you to bring the book back?
Student:Uh-huh. Do I really have to?
从对话中可以看出，图书管理员重复了男生遇到的问题，以确认自己是否真正了解了情况。
Lecture 1
6.What is the main topic of the lecture?
A.The reasons people are not always truthful in conversations
B.The need for greater regulation of language used in advertising
C.The need for maximum precision and detail in everyday conversation
D.The role of certain rules in determining what a speaker means
答案：D
解析：(原文中)Professor:Ok, the conventions or assumptions that govern conversation, these may vary from
one culture to another, but basically, for people to communicate there is a ... they have to follow certain rules. Like if I am talking with you and I start saying things that are not true, if you can’t tell when I am lying and when I am telling the truth, well, we are not going to have a very satisfactory conversation, are we? Why? Because it violates one of the Gricean Maxims, that’s a set of rules or maxims a philosopher name H.P .Grice came up with in 1970s. One of these Gricean Maxims is... well, I’ve already given you a hint.
从以上讲解及全文来看，教授讲解了 Gricean Maxims 中certain rules的作用。
7.According to the professor, what helps speakers keep conversations from proceeding too slowly?
A.The ability to make inferences according to the Gricean Maxims
B.The ability to effectively distinguish truth from falsehood
C.The willingness to acknowledge that a Gricean Maxim has been violated
D.The willingness to ignore the Gricean Maxims on occasion
答案：A
解析：(原文中)Professor: And this maxim of relevance is quite efficient to use. Even if I don’t spell out all the details, you can still make some useful logical inferences, namely, the shop is open and it sells coffee. If we actually have to explain all these details, conversations would move along pretty slowly, wouldn’t they?
从以上讲解可以看出，make inferences 能 keep conversations from proceeding too slowly.
8.For each of the following, indicate whether or not it reflects one of the Gricean Maxims that the professor mentions. (Click on any choice that does and leave the rest unchecked.)
Click on as many answers as apply.
A.Try to make the topic interesting
B.Avoid making claims that are false.
C.Make comments as informative as necessary.
D.Make as few assumptions as possible.
E.Make comments relate to previous statements.
答案：BCE
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... “Do not say what you believe to be false.” That’s one of Grice’s Maxims of Quality as he called it. ... But according to the maxim, my response should be relevant to your statement, ... And another more interesting maxims is one of the so-called maxims of quantity, quantities of information,
教授提到的三个原则，分别对应选项BE和选项C。
9. Why does the professor describe a letter of recommendation?
A. To point out differences between written statements and spoken statements
B. To illustrate how people may be deceived in a business environment
C. To show how violating a Maxim may contribute to a statement’s meaning
D. To prove that lying is sometimes considered acceptable
答案：C
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... But there are times when people will violate these maxims on purpose. Let’s say a boss is asked to write a letter of recommendation for a former employee seeking an engineering job. The letter he writes is quite brief. Something like, uh, Mr. X is polite and always dresses quite neatly. So what does this really mean?... So, by violating the maxims, we ...eh... but ... it can be a way to be subtle or polite, or to convey humor through sarcasm or irony.
从以上可以看出，教授提出有人会故意 violate these maxims, 紧接着举例a letter of recommendation, 为的是说明 violate a maxim 在表达上能有的作用。
10.What does the professor imply about advertisers?
A.They are less likely than politicians to violate a Gricean Maxim.
B.They realize that consumers know whether an advertisement violates a Maxim.
C.They often make use of the Gricean Maxims to express humor.
D.They realize that consumers make false inferences from advertisements.
答案：D
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... Sometimes though people will violate maxims for another purpose: to deceive. ...They think, hey, don’t blame us if our audience happens to draw inferences that are simply not true.
从以上讲解，可以看出教授认为广告业者意识到观众会 make false inferences。
11. What type of Maxim does the professor illustrate with this example: (复听题)
A.Manner
B.Quality
C.Quantity
D.Relevance
答案：D
解析：(原文中)Professor:No, I am not, am I? There is no connection at all, which feels wrong because you generally expect to find one. So one important maxim is simply: be relevant. And using the so-called Maxim of Relevance we can infer things as well, or rather the speaker can imply things and the listener can make inferences…. For instance, suppose you say you would really love to have a cup of coffee right now, and I say ‘there’s a shop around the corner’
根据内容可以看出，教授提到了 be relevant, 之后举例，即复听内容，进行进一步解释。
Lecture 2
12.What is the lecture mainly about?
A. The effect of ice ages on the development of agriculture
B. A theory about a change in Earth’s climate cycle
C. Strategies to prevent Earth from entering another ice age
D. Some effects of industrialization on Earth’s atmosphere
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... however , for the latest interglacial period, the one we are in now, this pattern did not hold, that is, the concentration of carbon dioxide and methane dipped a little bit after, uh, uh, after peaking at the beginning, near the beginning of the interglacial period, but then it began to rise again. Um ... What was different about this interglacial period than the other ones? ... Now, scientists have tended to regard ... the ... uh ... agricultural revolution as a beneficiary of the ... uh ... fortuitous shift in climate.
通过以上设问及全文来看，教授的主题是提出了个理论，由于人类的活动使得 climate cycle 发生变化。
13.What does the professor imply about Earth’s climate over the last several million years?
Click on 2 answers.
A.Ice ages have alternated with warmer periods.
B.Recent ice ages have not been as cold as earlier ice ages.
C.Interglacial periods have become cooler and cooler overtime.
D.Previous interglacial periods were shorter than the current interglacial period.
答案：AD
解析：(原文中)Professor: ...It’s kind of ironic to think that absent that effect, it maybe that we would be heading into an Ice Age again. In fact, back in the 1970s, a lot of theorists were predicting that, you know, the climate would start to cool and we’d slowly enter into the new Ice Age. And then they were puzzled as to why it didn’t seem to be happening根据此段可以判断出A选项;
Earth’s sort of default climate has actually been Ice Age, but we have experienced periodic regular thaws, and the last one, the one we are in now, started about 11 thousand years ago.可以看出current interglacial period 变长了。
14.According to the professor, what factor is extending the duration of the current interglacial period?
A.A shift in the locations of wetlands and forests
B.The relatively mild temperatures of the most recent ice age
C.The increased absorption of certain atmospheric gases by farm crops
D.An increase in the quantity of certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere
答案：D
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... When you grow crops and uh, pasture your animals, one of the things you do is you cut down the forests. If you cut down the forests, when you burn the trees for fuel and don’t replace them with other trees, or when you just leave them to rot and don’t allow other trees to grow, you end up with a lot more carbon in the form of carbon dioxide getting into the atmosphere. Um ... another gas associated with the spread of agriculture is methane. Methane forms in large concentration above wetlands, and as it turns out, the cultivation of certain grains creates vast areas of artificial wetlands, and probably drastically increases the amount of methane the atmosphere, over and above what would be there.
这段话明确的表明原因是 some certain gases 在大气中的 quantities 增加。
15.According to the professor, what activities associated with the beginnings of agriculture may have slowed or prevented the onset of a predicted ice age? Click on 2 answers.
A.The clearing of trees
B.The burning of fossil fuels
C.The domestication of certain animals
D.The cultivation of certain grains
答案：AD
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... When you grow crops and uh, pasture your animals, one of the things you do is you
cut down the forests. If you cut down the forests, when you burn the trees for fuel and don’t replace them with other trees, or when you just leave them to rot and don’t allow other trees to grow, you end up with a lot more carbon in the form of carbon dioxide getting into the atmosphere. Um ... another gas associated with the spread of agriculture is methane. Methane forms in large concentration above wetlands, and as it turns out, the cultivation of certain grains creates vast areas of artificial wetlands, and probably drastically increases the amount of methane getting into the atmosphere, over and above what would be there.
根据教授的解释，predicted ice age 的延迟到来是由于 carbon dioxide 和 methane 等气体在大气中的含量增加，而增加的原因从上文看是因为 the clearing of trees 和 the cultivation of certain grains.故AD选项正确。
16.What is the professor’s attitude toward industrialization?
A.He thinks that its effect on Earth’s climate will decrease overtime.
B.He is worried that it may speed the arrival of the next ice age.
C.He thinks that it may reduce the effect of agriculture on Earth’s climate.
D.He is unsure about its long-term effects on Earth’s climate.
答案：D
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... Um... so we are entering into uncharted territory now, in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide, the concentrations of carbon dioxide that are now being put into the atmosphere as a result of industrialization and the use of fossil fuels
从上述内容可知，教授对于工业化的结果对气候的影响是进入了一个 uncharted territory，即未知的内容。所以教授的观点是不确定的。
17.What does the professor imply when he says this: (复听题)
A.Theorists sometimes make careless predictions.
B.Theorists were unaware of some of the effects of human activities.
C.Technology of the 1970s was not sophisticated enough to detect the earliest stages of an ice age.
D.Scientists in the 1970s overestimated the speed at which ice ages progress.
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... In fact, back in the 1970s, a lot of theorists were predicting that, you know, the
climate would start to cool and we’d slowly enter into the new Ice Age. And then they were puzzled as to why it didn’t seem to be happening.
教授在前讲述了 human activities 的影响，之后说如果没有这些影响，我们也许正在进入 ice age, 接着讲述复听内容，表示教授认为他们并未将 human activities 考虑在内。
Section 2
Conversation 2
18.Why does the professor want to talk to the student?
A.To discuss her application to graduate school
B.To discuss a possible internship at the school’s library
C.To encourage her to increase the scope of her research project
D.To suggest some changes to improve her research project
答案：C
解析：(原文中)Professor:Well, good. The reason I wanted to talk to you was that while you were presenting you linguistics project in class the other day, well, you know, I was thinking you are a perfect candidate for the dean’s undergraduate research fund.
上文中，教授很明显的提到自己的目的是鼓励女生申请fund, 即to increase the scope of the project。
19.According to the professor, what information should be included in the student’s application?
A.The amount of money she will need for her research
B.The amount of time she will need to complete her project
C.A summary of research already conducted on the topic
D.Reasons why she chose that particular topic
答案：A
解析：(原文中)Professor: ...A brief description of your proposed project, and an estimated budget.
从上文可知，教授说明申请的材料包括 brief of the project and an estimated budget, 即 the amount of money。
20.Why does the professor mention a university in Boston?
A.He used to be a professor at that university.
B.He thinks the student may find useful material there.
C.He has plans to visit the university soon.
D.He thinks the student should attend a conference there.
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Student: OK. Cool. I am pretty clear on how to carry out my project, but I am not sure where I can find more information on the subject.
Professor: Well, I have already thought of that. There’s this private library at a university in Boston. By the way, because I graduated from that school, I can get you access to it, no problem.
You see, the library houses lots of unpublished documents that are relevant to your topic.
从上述对话可知，女生表示自己不知道该去哪里寻找更多材料，教授就立即提及 a private library at a university in Boston，并表示其中的材料会有帮助。
21.What does the professor say he will do for the student?
A.Help her determine details for a research budget
B.Assist her with her graduate school inquiry
C.Talk to her about ways of expanding her project
D.Write a letter of recommendation for her
答案：D
解析：(原文中)Professor : Also a glowing letter of recommendation from a linguistics professor wouldn’t hurt, which I’d be more than happy to write up for you. ... The sooner the better. It is due in a few weeks. Good Luck! And I’ll get that letter written up right away.
教授表示申请需要 a letter of recommendation，并且自己可以为女生做推荐，对话结束，教授表示马上为女生写推荐信。
22. Why does the professor say this: (复听题)
A. He thinks the fund is rather limited.
B. He agrees that the fund’s name is rather long.
C. He thinks the student needs help with her project.
D. He is surprised that the student is not familiar with the fund
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Student : Um ... Professor , I am really sure what the... um ... dean ....
Professor : Undergraduate research fund is ... It is a mouthful I suppose.
从教授的反应来看，教授也认为这个名字对于不清楚的学生来说有点难，所以之后给出了解释。
Lecture 3
23. What is the lecture mainly about?
A.The role played by folktales in contemporary Norwegian society
B.A description of the major types of Norwegian folktales
C.A comparison of Norwegian folktales and Norwegian folk legends
D.An illustration of the differences between oral literature and written literature
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Professor: ...But first let’s go over the various types of folk tale and focus specifically on Norwegian folk tales since they illustrate the variety pretty well. There are in general three main types of Norwegian folk tales.
从上文及全文来看，教授主要分点讲解了 Norwegian folktales 的三种主要类型。
24.What does the professor find appealing about folk legends?
A.They are very imaginative.
B.They are somewhat realistic.
C.They stress what is important in a culture.
D.They show similarities between otherwise diverse societies.
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Professor: All right, so now we’ve talked about folk legends and seen that their ... one of their key features is there’s usually some real history behind them. They are often about real people, so you can identify with the characters, and that’s what engages us in them. The particular stories might not be true and some of the characters or events might be made up. But there’s still a sense that the story could have been true since it is about a real person.
从以上内容可以看出，教授认为 folk legends 是有一定真实历史背景存在，故事中也会有真实的历史人物，有一定的真实感，故正确答案选B。
25.How is the story of the bear and the fox characteristic of Norwegian animal stories?
A.It explains the origin of a physical characteristic of an animal.
B.It uses animal behavior to explain human characteristics.
C.It shows how animals were domesticated by people.
D.It contains episodes of animals changing into people.
答案：A
解析：(原文中)Professor: ...The point of these stories, their, their internal objectives, so the speak, is usually to explain some feature of the animal, how it arose. So there’s one about a fox who fools a bear into going ice fishing with his tail.
从上文可以看出，引用这个故事的原因是进一步解释，有的故事为的是解释动物的一些特征。
26.Why does the professor mention a folktale called east of the Sun and West of the Moon?
Click on 2 answers.
A.To point out conventions found in most folktales
B.To point out differences between animal stories and comical stories
C.To give an example of a transformation story
D.To give an example of a story published in the first collection of Norwegian folktales
答案：AC
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... a transformation story called East of the Sun and West of the Moon. Besides being a good example of a transformation story, this one also has a lot of the common things that tend to show up in folk tales.
从上述讲解可以看出，教授所提及的故事不仅是 transformation story 的例子，也指出许多 folktales 的相同之处。
27.What does the professor say about the characters in Norwegian Folktales?
A.They usually behave in playful and amusing ways.
B.They usually behave the way that real Norwegian people behave.
C.Most are giants, trolls, or dragons.
D.Most are based on actual historical figures.
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Professor: ...The characters still act like ... they resemble real people.
以上讲解可看出，the characters in Norwegian Folktales act like real people.
28.What does the professor imply happened as a result of the Romantic movement’s spreading to Norway?
A.Children’s literature became less popular.
B.Attempts were made to modernize the plots of traditional folktales.
C.Folktales began to be regarded as an important aspect of Norwegian culture.
D.Folktales in Norway became more similar to folktales from other parts of Europe.
答案：C
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... As a result, the first collection of Norwegian folk tales is published in 1852. And there have been many new editions published since then. For the people of Norway, these stories are now an important part of what it means to be Norwegian.
从上述讲解可看出，自Romantic Movement之后，Norwegian folktales 成为Norwegian culture的重要组成部分。
Lecture 4
29. What is the lecture mainly about?
A.Typical features of the snowshoe hare that do not result from adaptation
B.Various strategies used by snowshoe hares to find food during the winter
C.Characteristics that snowshoe hares have developed in response to their environment
D.Interactions between snowshoe hares and human populations in the state of Maine
答案：C
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... And in adapting to extreme climates, like Maine in the winter time, animals can evolve in pretty interesting ways. Take for example, the snowshoe hare.
通过以上讲解及全篇能看出本文主要讲述一种动物，通过特性适应恶劣环境。
30.According to the professor, what causes the snowshoe hare’s fur to begin turning white?
A.A decrease in the hours that the Sun is up each day
B.A sudden drop in temperature
C.The increasing amount of snow on the ground
D.The changing nature of the food supply
答案：A
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... As the days get shorter, that is, as the Sun is up for a shorter and shorter time each day, the snowshoe hare starts growing white fur and shedding its brown fur.
从上述可看出，snowshoe hare 的 fur 变色与一日中的日照时长有关。
31.Why might an early snowfall be a particularly dangerous time for the snowshoe hare?
A.Its feet would not yet have grown to resemble snowshoes.
B.Its babies would not yet be able to keep themselves warm.
C.Its chances of being seen by a predator are much higher.
D.It might not be able to locate where it stored its food supply.
答案：C
解析：(原文中)Professor: ...So one of its adaptations is basically camouflage. In other words, its coat, its fur, turns from brown in the summer to white in the winter, which makes it harder for the hare’s predators to see it against the white snow. ... ... So if there’s a particularly early snowfall, it’s very likely that the hare’s fur would not yet be totally white. And that would make this a particularly dangerous time for the hare.
从以上讲解可看出，snowshoe hare 通过改变毛色与雪地颜色相近以躲避捕食者，而早雪会影响 snowshoe hare 的毛色颜色变换时间，未完全变成白色毛发的 snowshoe hare 很容易在雪地中被捕食者发现。
32.The professor implies that the snowshoe hare has an advantage over other animals because of its unusual feet. What is that advantage?
A.It can reach food in higher locations better than its competitors.
B.It can stay warm in cold weather longer than its competitors.
C.It can outrun its predators in deep snow.
D.It can dig under the snow to hide from its predators.
答案：C
解析：(原文中)Professor: ...I mean, it’s paws are wide and they allow the hare to hop and run just at the surface of deep snow. And this is a huge advantage for the snowshoe hare since by contrast, the feet of its predators usually sink right down into the snow.
以上讲解可看出，由于 snowshoe hare 爪子很宽的特性，能让它在积雪地面逃过捕食者的捕猎。
33.The professor explains that the snowshoe hare’s food supply is available year-round. What does the availability of food allow the snowshoe hare to do?
A.Store body fat for the cold months
B.Remain lightweight through the winter
C.Give birth during the winter
D.Grow fur quickly during the first year after birth
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Professor: ...Now, another advantage related to this is that unlike many animals in winter, snowshoe hares can stay lean and light weight.
由此可以判断正确答案为B选项。
34. Why does the student say this: (复听题)
A. He wants to support the professor’s point with an example.
B. He is grateful the professor has answered his question.
C. The professor’s explanation contradicts his own experience.
D. The professor may not believe he is telling the truth.
答案：C
解析：(原文中)Professor: ... So one of its adaptations is basically camouflage. In other words, its coat, its fur, turns from brown in the summer to white in the winter, which makes it harder for the hare’s predators to see it against the white snow.
Student:Yeah, but I could swear I remembered seeing rabbits in the snow a couple of times, I means hares, that were brown.
从以上原文可看出，学生认为自己的经历和教授所讲述的内容有冲突。