2016年5月28日
PART1 词汇题
confirm = prove
abandon = left
stamina=endurance
further=additional
inhibit=slow down
ornament=decoration
fluctuation=variation
Impeded=restrict
derive from=obtained from
spectacular=remarkable
peak=the high point
PART2考场回忆
1.土壤的形成和风化，soil formation parent material可能是由bedrock形成也可能是被水，风， 冰川等从别的地方带过来。提到水对土壤的影响， 会流经土壤或者变成气体蒸发出去。水可能会给土壤带来一些mineral也会带走一些。这个好像是叫 leaching 森林土壤的 mineral 在表面，grassland 在地下的root system里，后面还提到高处的土壤比低处的土壤更干，因为水会直接流向低处。泛滥平原地区有更多mineral所以土壤更肥沃。土的形成从三种情况形成，因为来源不同所以内容营养不同。 斜坡的土不能保持水分所以营养流失多比较贫瘠， 平地的营养多。
2.如何研究史前人类的生活，Reconstructing of prehistoric lifestyle对比史前人类栖息地的动植物遗 迹和其他地区动植物遗迹。判断骨骼化石中钙和S物质，如果有S，说明他们吃了一种ingested plant。 也可以探测牙齿化石上的microbe (应该是这个词记不太清)史前人类用一种river coddle做shelter,而 且发现这种结构的建筑最多。用动物的骨胳构建一 种construction,每种风格不同，需要很多人才能建成。提到了fireplace,在寒冷的天气下用来取暖，fireplace里有一代一代人类留下的或大或小烧木头的痕迹。一种木头燃烧时间长所以用于做燃料很好， 然后根据他们住的地方不一样有各种各样的取暖措施搭建方式。
3.雄性动物为了进行交配会有什么表现，鸟择偶， mate of birds雌鸟喜欢选择体型大且有鲜艳羽毛的 雄鸟，认为这种鸟更具有躲避predator的生存能力 提到good gene hypothesis。达尔文理论说火鸡和一种鸟外表有特点所以能让雌鸟选择这些雄鸟当配偶，事实比达尔文想的还普遍，bright color能让雄鸟远离天敌，提高生存机会，飞的好能更好得照顾更多后代，根据鸡冠也可以看出公鸡是不是健康，来避免疾病。
PART3考文出处
How Soil Is Formed
Soil formation is a dynamic process that takes place in different environments. It is strongly influenced by the parent material, climate (largely vegetation and temperature and water exchanges), topography (the elevations, depressions, directions and angles of slopes, and other surface features of the landscape), and time.
The parent material is the unconsolidated mass on which soil formation takes place. This material may or may not be derived from the on-site geological substrate or bedrock on which it rests. Parent materials can be transported by wind, water, glaciers, and gravity and deposited on top of bedrock. Because of the diversity of materials involved, soils derived from transported parent materials ore commonly more fertile than soils from parent materials derived in place. Whatever the parent material, whether derived in place from bedrock or from transported material, it ultimately comes from geological materials, such as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, and the composition of the rocks largely determines the chemical composition of the soil.
Climate is most influential in determining the nature and intensity of weathering and the type of vegetation that further affects soil formation. The soil material experiences daily and seasonal variations in heating and cooling. Open surfaces exposed to thermal radiation undergo the greatest daily fluctuations in heating and cooling, soils covered with vegetation the least. Hill slopes facing the sun absorb more heat than those facing away from the sun. Radiant energy has a pronounced effect on the moisture regime, especially the evaporate process and dryness. Temperature can stimulate or inhibit biogeochemical reactions in soil material.
Water is involved in all biogeochemical reactions in the soil because it is the carrier of the acids that influence the weathering process. Water enters the soil material as a liquid and leaves it as a liquid by percolation (the slow movement of water through the soil's pores) and as a gas through evaporation. The water regime—the water flow over a given time—in soil material is sporadic, and in many parts of the Earth is highly seasonal. Water that enters the soil during heavy rainfall and snowmelt moves down through the soil. As it moves, it leaves behind suspended material and may carry away mineral matter in solution, a process called leaching. On sloping land, water distributes material laterally (sideways) through the soil.
Topography is a major factor in soil development. More water runs off and less enters the soil on steep slopes than on relatively level land. Water draining from slopes enters the soil on low and flat land. Thus soils and soil material tend to be dry on slopes and moist on wet on the low land. Steep slopes are subject to surface erosion and soil creep—the down slope movement of soil material, which accumulates on lower slopes and lowlands.
Vegetation, animals, bacteria, and fungi all contribute to the formation of soil. Vegetation, in particular, is responsible for organic material in the soil and influences its nutrient content. For example, forests store most of their organic matter on the surface, whereas in grasslands most of the organic matter added to the soil comes from the deep fibrous root systems. Organic acids produced by vegetation accelerate the weathering process.
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