之前小编已经为大家带来了2015年4月18日
第一篇：Urban Design
题材划分： 发展史
主要内容：城市设计与civilization相互融合，最后形成了international style。
相似TPO练习推荐：
TPO-23 Urban Climates
TPO-26 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East
相关知识背景：
Urban design is the process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages. In contrast to architecture, which focuses on the design of individual buildings, urban design deals with the larger scale of groups of buildings, streets and public spaces, whole neighborhoods and districts, and entire cities, with the goal of making urban areas functional, attractive, and sustainable.
Urban design is an inter-disciplinary subject that unites all the built environment professions, including urban planning, landscape architecture, architecture, civil and municipal engineering. It is common for professionals in all these disciplines to practice in urban design. In more recent times different sub-strands of urban design have emerged such as strategic urban design, landscape urbanism, water-sensitive urban design, and sustainable urbanism.
Urban design demands a good understanding of a wide range of subjects from physical geography, through to social science, and an appreciation for disciplines, such as real estate development, urban economics, political economy and social theory.
Urban design is about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric. Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making, environmental stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty and identity. Urban design is derived from but transcends planning and transportation policy, architectural design, development economics, engineering and landscape. It draws these and other strands together creating a vision for an area and then deploying the resources and skills needed to bring the vision to life.
第二篇： Tomb
题材划分： 考古类
主要内容：应该是说为什么这个site会有坟墓(Mesopotamia这个地方)。显示提出说这是由于一拨人一路explore带来的，后来又反驳说这跟fishing有关;后来又提出可能的原因是为了某种需求，比如commute或者competition。
相似TPO练习推荐：
TPO-5 The Origin of the Pacific Island People
TPO-7 Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples
相关知识背景：
Mesopotamia is a name for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, corresponding to modern-day Iraq, Kuwait, the northeastern section of Syria and to a much lesser extent southeastern Turkey and smaller parts of southwestern Iran.
Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization by the Western world, Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires, all native to the territory of modern-day Iraq. In the Iron Age, it was controlled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. The indigenous Sumerians and Akkadians (including Assyrians and Babylonians) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history (c. 3100 BC) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. It fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC, and after his death, it became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire.
Around 150 BC, Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthians. Mesopotamia became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians, with parts of Mesopotamia coming under ephemeral Roman control. In AD 226, it fell to the Sassanid Persians and remained under Persian rule until the 7th century Arab Islamic conquest of the Sassanid Empire. A number of primarily neo-Assyrian and Christian native Mesopotamian states existed between the 1st century BCE and 3rd century CE, including Adiabene, Osroene, and Hatra.
第三篇：动物的社会性
题材划分：生物类
主要内容：讲了社会性在invertebrate里比vertebrate里更常见。常见社会性的坏处是：competition和parasite。后面两段讲了社会性的好处：hunting food和avoid predation。
相似TPO练习推荐：
TPO-28 Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes
TPO-30 Role of Play in Development
相关知识背景：
Sociality is the degree to which individuals in an animal population tend to associate in social groups and form cooperative societies.
Sociality is a survival response to evolutionary pressures. For example, when a mother wasp stays near her larvae in the nest, parasites are less likely to eat the larvae. Biologists suspect that pressures from parasites and other predators selected this behavior in wasps of the family Vespidae.
This wasp behaviour evidences the most fundamental characteristic of animal sociality: parental investment. Parental investment is any expenditure of resources (time, energy, social capital) to benefit one offspring. Parental investment detracts from a parent's capacity to invest in future reproduction and aid to kin (including other offspring). An animal that cares for its young but shows no other sociality traits is said to be subsocial.
An animal that exhibits a high degree of sociality is called a social animal. The highest degree of sociality recognized by sociobiologists is eusociality. A eusocial taxon is one that exhibits overlapping adult generations, reproductive division of labor, cooperative care of young, and—in the most refined cases—a biological caste system.
Solitary animals, such as the jaguar, don't associate except for courtship and mating. If an animal taxon shows a degree of sociality beyond courtship and mating, but lacks any of the characteristics of eusociality, it is said to be presocial. Presociality is much more common than eusociality among species. Per E.O. Wilson, however, it should be noted the total biomass and impact of eusocial species, including ants, wasps, and Homo sapiens sapiens, "which can be loosely characterized as eusocial," is vastly disproportionate to the quantity of species exhibiting it.
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