Conversation 1
-参考背景
水循环是指地球上不同的地方上的水，通过吸收太阳的能量，改变状态到地球上另外一个地方。例如地面的水分被太阳蒸发成为空气中的水蒸气。而水在地球的状态包括固态、液态和气态。而地球中的水多数存在于大气层、地面、地底、湖泊、河流及海洋中。水会通过一些物理作用，例如：蒸发、降水、渗透、表面的流动和地底流动等，由一个地方移动到另一个地方。如水由河川流动至海洋。由16,17世纪佩罗和马略特发现。
水循环是多环节的自然过程，全球性的水循环涉及蒸发、大气水分输送、地表水和地下水循环以及多种形式的水量贮蓄降水、蒸发和径流是水循环过程的三个最主要环节，这三者构成的水循环途径决定着全球的水量平衡，也决定着一个地区的水资源总量。
蒸发是水循环中最重要的环节之一。由蒸发产生的水汽进入大气并随大气活动而运动。大气中的水汽主要来自海洋，一部分还来自大陆表面的蒸散发。大气层中水汽的循环是蒸发-凝结—降水—蒸发的周而复始的过程。海洋上空的水汽可被输送到陆地上空凝结降水，称为外来水汽降水;大陆上空的水汽直接凝结降水，称内部水汽降水。一地总降水量与外来水汽降水量的比值称该地的水分循环系数。全球的大气水分交换的周期为10天。在水循环中水汽输送是最活跃的环节之一。
The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (vapor).
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.
Lecture 2 art history
参考背景
百老汇的历史可追溯至公元19 世纪初。当时的百老汇大道就已经成为美国戏剧
百老汇大街
艺术的活动中心。建立于公元 1810 年的Park Theater是现今纽约百老汇剧院的始祖， 第二间剧院The Broadway在 1821年才出现于百老汇大道 (Broadway) 上。百老汇在这期间的戏剧风格受到当时欧洲维多利亚风格(Victorian Style) 的影响极大。 伴随着移民潮及多样文化的冲击，属于美国本土的剧作家及演员才在这种意识刺激下出现。由于大部分的剧目都是改编自小说或文学作品，著作翻印再版或改编剧目的纷争不断，第一条关于著作权法的条文直至 1856 年才出现。
随着第一次世界大战(World War I)的结束，百老汇剧院文化于二十世纪20年代开始迅速蓬勃发展，20年代末，是百老汇艺术的鼎盛时期，1925年这里的剧院达到80家之多，但这种好景却被1930年代初的经济危机而划上句号。
随着历史文化再次演进变迁，现今的 Broadway 不仅是一条贯穿纽约曼哈顿岛(Manhattan) 南北向的马路，更是剧院或是欣赏戏剧的代名词。
百老汇艺术对于推动美国戏剧、歌舞表演艺术起到了不可估量的贡献。许多好莱坞的明星大腕都是从百老汇的舞台艺术表演起家后走上电影明星的道路。著名的好莱坞音乐故事片《音乐之声》(Sound of music)的女主角朱莉.安德鲁丝就是从百老汇的同名音乐剧中的表演开始，被导演发现后走上银幕，成为美国60年代的银幕偶像。
Broadway theatre, commonly known as Broadway, refers to the theatrical performances presented in the 40 professional theatres with 500 or more seats located in the Theater District and Lincoln Center along Broadway, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Along with London's West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.
The Broadway Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City. According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold a record US$1.36 billion worth of tickets in 2014, an increase of 14% over the previous year. Attendance in 2014 stood at 13.13 million, a 13% increase over 2013.
The great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. Historian Martin Shefter argues, "'Broadway musicals,' culminating in the productions of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, became enormously influential forms of American popular culture" and helped make New York City the cultural capital of the nation.
Conversation 2
印象派绘画(Impressionism)也叫印象主义，是西方绘画史上划时代的艺术流派，19世纪60—90年代在法国兴起的画派，当时因克劳德·莫奈的油画《日出·印象》受到一位记者嘲讽而得名。这幅画面描绘的是塞纳河的清晨，太阳刚刚升起的时候。由于画家要在很短的瞬间，将早晨的美景在光线还没有变化前，就要完成作品，因此画面不可能描绘的很仔细。当学院派的画家们看到这幅作品时，认为很粗糙，过于随便，就用讥讽的语言嘲笑“巴比松”的画家，意思是说：那是一群根本就不懂绘画的画家，《日出·印象》完全就是凭印象胡乱画出来的，其他人也附和着说，这些画家统统都是“印象主义”，没想到，这些挖苦的话，反而成全了这批画家，“印象派”随之诞生，“巴比松派”反而慢慢被人淡忘。
Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France. The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari.
Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. The development of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media that became known as impressionist music and impressionist literature.
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