2014年7月6日，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助，祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩！
Conversation 1
Student: Hi professor may I come in?
Professor: Of Course. Hi Nancy. How is your day?
Student: Great! Well…eh…professor I am here to ask you some questions about the topic you mentioned in last class.
Professor: Oh…What is it?
Student: I find it is interesting about the concept of business. I think it is quite like biology.
Professor: Oh you mean collective effect. Student：Yes.
Professor: Actually it is a concept that design of T-shirt designed soley. People need to voted on line.
Student: I thought that is a group programming.
Professor: Yes, it is a group to compete for programming. That is a work for challenge for programming.
Student: Oh so it is a work for challenging but not for interest and money right? Professor: Yes, exactly.
Student: I think I have some clue now. Will you give us further instructions later?
Professor: Don't worry. This concept is quite tricky. I will tell you in next class.
Lecture 1
No great extinction or burst of diversity separated the Cretaceous from the Period that had preceded it. In some ways, things went on as they had. Ammonites, belemnites, other mollusca, and fish were hunted by great "marine reptiles," birds flapped and soared in the air above. Yet the Cretaceous saw the first appearance of many lifeforms that would go on to play key roles in the coming world.
Perhaps the most important of these events, at least for terrestrial life, was the first appearance of the flowering plants, also called the angiosperms or Anthophyta. First appearing in the Lower Cretaceous around 125 million years ago, the flowering plants first radiated in the middle Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago. Early angiosperms did not develop shrub- or tree-like morphologies, but by the close of the Cretaceous, a number of forms had evolved that any modern botanist would recognize. The angiosperms thrived in a variety of environments such as areas with damper climates, habitats favored by cycads and cycadeoids, and riparian zones. High southern latitudes were not invaded by angiosperms until the end of the Cretaceous. Ferns dominated open, dry and/or low-nutrient lands. Typical Jurassic vegetation, including conifers, cycads, and other gymnosperms, continued on into the Lower Cretaceous without significant changes. At the beginning of this period, conifer diversity was fairly low in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, but by the middle of the period, species diversification was increasing exponentially. Swamps were dominated by conifers and angiosperm dicots.
At about the same time, many modern groups of insects were beginning to diversify,and we find the oldest known ants and butterflies. Aphids, grasshoppers, and gall wasps appear in the Cretaceous, as well as termites and ants in the later part of this period. Another important insect to evolve was the eusocial bee, which was integral to the ecology and evolution of flowering plants.
The most famous of all mass extinctions marks the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 65 million years ago. As everyone knows, this was the great extinction in which the dinosaurs died out, except for the birds, of course. The other lineages of "marine reptiles" - the ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs - also were extinct by the end of the Cretaceous, as were the flying pterosaurs, but some, like the ichthyosaurs, were probably extinct a little before the end of the Cretaceous. Many species of foraminiferans went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous, as did the ammonites. But many groups of organisms, such as flowering plants, gastropods and pelecypods, amphibians, lizards and snakes, crocodilians, and mammals "sailed through" the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, with few or no apparent extinctions at all.#p#副标题#e#
Lecture 2
Ravagers, despoilers, pagans, heathens - such epithets pretty well summed up the Vikings for those who lived in the British Isles during medieval times. For hundreds of years after their bloody appearance at the end of the 8th century A.D., these ruthless raiders would periodically sweep in from the sea to kill, plunder and destroy,
essentially at will. "From the fury of the Northmen, deliver us, O Lord" was a prayer uttered frequently and fervently at the close of the first millennium. Small wonder that the ancient Anglo-Saxons - and their cultural descendants in England, the U.S. and Canada - think of these seafaring Scandinavians as little more than violent brutes.
But that view is wildly skewed. The Vikings were indeed raiders, but they were also traders whose economic network stretched from today's Iraq all the way to the Canadian Arctic. They were democrats who founded the world's oldest surviving parliament while Britain was still mired in feudalism. They were master metalworkers, fashioning exquisite jewelry from silver, gold and bronze. Above all, they were intrepid explorers whose restless hearts brought them to North America some 500 years before Columbus.
In doing so, the curators have laid to rest a number of popular misconceptions, including one they perpetuate in the show's title. The term Viking In fact, this mostly blue-eyed, blond or reddish-haired people who originated in what is now Scandinavia were primarily farmers and herdsmen. They grew grains and vegetables during the short summer but depended mostly on livestock - cattle, goats, sheep and pigs. They weren't Christian until the late 10th century, yet they were not irreligious. Like the ancient Greeks and Romans, they worshiped a pantheon of deities, three of whom - Odin, Thor and Freya - we recall every week, as Wednesday, Thursday and Friday were named after them.#p#副标题#e#
Conversation 2
Student: Hi instructor. I wanna ask you something about my career.
Professor: Are you looking for a job now? Many students are doing this at this moment
Student: Yes. I want to be a lawyer. But I know it will be quite hard. I am quite hesitate now.
Professor: Yes, you have to be meticulous on this. My suggestion is that it is not a very good option for a new beginner.
Student: And another thing, I want to go to the school gym in this winter break. Most of the time I am spending in the library. I think I need time to do some exercise. Professor: The rule cannot change. But I know in that time gym will hire some coach. Why don't you try it?
Student: I don't think I will be qualified to be a coach…
Professor: Another option is that you can enter the GFC Group. It is a very good organization. I think you can have a discount to go to the gym outside.
Student: Well…yeah…I will give it a thought. Thank you instructor!
Lecture 3
Microorganisms are microscopic, living, single-celled organisms such as bacteria. Ubiquitous throughout the world, microorganisms play a vital role in supporting and maintaining nature and life. Although some bacteria are harmful, the vast majority are not harmful, but in fact beneficial. They keep nature clean by removing toxins from water and soil, and degrade organic matter from dead plants and animals. In the human body they aid in digestion and help prevent invasion by harmful bacteria. Without bacteria, life would not be possible.
Microorganisms were the first living creatures on earth. It is estimated there are a total of 5 nonillion microorganisms on earth. You will find nearly 10 million a milliliter of ocean water and 40 million in a gram of soil. They are also ubiquitous on the human body. There are 40 million microorganisms in a milliliter of saliva and make up 10% of a human's total dry weight. In many cases, animals not only live with microbes, but our health is dependent on them. All living organisms are dependent on microorganisms and their biochemical process. Research has long suggested that microbes help humans by doing things like protecting us from allergies and preventing the spread of malaria. The more we learn about them the more phenomenal these microscopic, single celled-organisms become. They may even be the key to detecting landmines and making radioactive metals inert.
Novozymes harnesses the natural capabilities of live, beneficial bacteria to help degrade and remove organics that ordinary cleaners or products miss. Novozymes' liquid products contain live bacteria in a dormant state called spores, while dry products may contain both dormant and nondormant bacteria. All of the bacteria used in Novozymes products are considered safe and nonpathogenic and are in the Biosafety Level 1 containment group, which means they pose a low risk to individuals and communities. It is highly unlikely they will cause disease in immunocompetent humans or animals.#p#副标题#e#
Lecture 4
Before photography was created, people already knew the principles of how it eventually got to work. They could process the image on the wall or piece of paper, however no printing was possible at the time as preserving light turned out to be a lot harder task than projecting it. The instrument that people used for processing pictures was called the Camera Obscura (which is Latin for the Dark Room) and it was around for a few centuries before photography came along.
It is believed that Camera Obscura was invented around 13-14th centuries, however there is a manuscript by an Arabian scholar Hassan ibn Hassan dated 10th century that describes the principles on which camera obscura works and on which analogue photography is based today.
Camera Obscura is essentially a dark, closed space in the shape of a box with a hole on one side of it. The hole has to be small enough in proportion to the box to make the camera obscura work properly. The way it works is that due, to optical laws, the light coming through a tiny hole transforms and creates an image on the surface that it meets, i.e. the wall of the box. The image was mirrored and upside down,however, so basically everything that makes today's analogue camera's principles different to camera obscura ones are the mirrors and the film which is used to capture and preserve the image created by the light.
Photography, the way it was developing, was always believed to be the killer of the fine art. However, it is believed that the photo principles were widely used by Renaissance artists like Leonardo, Michelangelo and others. In the mid 16th century, Giovanni Battista Della Portacentury, an Italian scholar, wrote an essay on how to use camera obscura in aid of making the drawing process easier. He projected the image of people outside the camera obscura on the canvas inside of it and then drew over the image or tried to copy it.
The method is quite similar to that which was used in the Retroscope drawing in the animation industry in early twentieth century. The process of using camera obscura looked very strange and frightening for the people at those times and the Giovanni Battista had to drop the idea after he was arrested and prosecuted on a charge of sorcery.
This is a picture of camera obscura in action the way it was used back then.
Even though only few of the Renaissance artists admitted they used camera obscura as an aid in drawing, it is believed most of them did. The reason for not openly admitting it was the fear of being charged of association with occultism or simply not wanting to admit something many artists called cheating.
Today we can state that camera obscura was a prototype of the modern photo camera. Even though it seems useless today, many people still find it amusing and use it for artistic reasons or simply for fun. Installing film and permanently capturing an image was a logical progression.