Paragraph 2: Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
3. The word concur in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Estimate ○Agree ○Expect ○Understand
4. The word them in the passage refers to
○Emotions ○People ○Photographs ○Cultures
5. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New Guinea?
○They did not want to be shown photographs. ○They were famous for their story-telling skills.
○They knew very little about Western culture. ○They did not encourage the expression of emotions.
6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○The Fore's facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story characters.
○The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.
○The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories.
○The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories.
Paragraph 3: Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
7. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?
○They would become less intense. ○They would last longer than usual.
○They would cause problems later. ○They would become more negative
Paragraph 4;Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
8. According to the passage, research involving which of the following supported the facial-feedback hypothesis?
○The reactions of people in experiments to cartoons ○The tendency of people in experiments to cooperate
○The release of neurotransmitters by people during experiments ○The long-term effects of repressing emotions
9. The word rate in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Judge ○Reject ○Draw ○Want
Paragraph 6: Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response -- as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
10. The word relevant in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Contradictory ○Confusing ○Dependent ○Applicable
11. According to the passage, stiffening the upper lip may have which of the following effects?
○It first suppresses stress, then intensifies it. ○It may cause fear and tension in those who see it.
○It can damage the lip muscles. ○It may either heighten or reduce emotional response.
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