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Line(1)One proposal for preserving rain forests is to promote the adoption of new agricultural technologies, such as improved plant varieties and use of chemical herbicides, which would increase (5) productivity and slow deforestation by reducing demand for new cropland. Studies have shown that farmers in developing countries who have achieved certain levels of education, wealth, and security of land tenure are more likely to adopt such (10) technologies. But these studies have focused on villages with limited land that are tied to a market economy rather than on the relatively isolated, self‐sufficient communities with ample land characteristic of rain-forest regions. A recent study of the Tawahka (15) people of the Honduran rain forest found thatfarmers with some formal education were more likely to adopt improved plant varieties but less likely to use chemical herbicides and that those who spoke Spanish (the language of the market economy) were (20) more likely to adopt both technologies. Nonland wealth was also associated with more adoption of both technologies, but availability of uncultivated land reduced the incentive to employ the productivity‐enhancing technologies. Researchers also measured (25) land-tenure security: in Tawahka society, kinshipties are a more important indicator of this than are legal property rights, so researchers measured it by a household’s duration of residence in its village. They found that longer residence correlated with more (30) adoption of improved plant varieties but lessadoption of chemical herbicides.
Questions 411–412 refer to the passage.
411.The passage suggests that in the study mentioned in line 14 the method for gathering information about security of land tenure reflects which of the following pairs of assumptions about Tawahka society?
1.The security of a household’s land tenure depends on the strength of that household’s kinship ties, and the duration of a household’s residence in its village is an indication of the strength of that household’s kinship ties.
2.The ample availability of land makes security of land tenure unimportant, and the lack of a need for secure land tenure has made the concept of legal property rights unnecessary.
3.The strength of a household’s kinship ties is a more reliable indicator of that household’s receptivity to new agricultural technologies than is its quantity of nonland wealth, and the duration of a household’s residence in its village is a more reliable indicator of that household’s security of land tenure than is the strength of its kinship ties.
4.Security of land tenure based on kinship ties tends to make farmers more receptive to the use of improved plant varieties, and security of land tenure based on long duration of residence in a village tends to make farmers more receptive to the use of chemical herbicides.
5.A household is more likely to be receptive to the concept of land tenure based on legal property rights if it has easy access to uncultivated land, and a household is more likely to uphold the tradition of land tenure based on kinship ties if it possesses a significant degree of nonland wealth.
412.According to the passage, the proposal mentioned in line 1 is aimed at preserving rain forests by encouraging farmers in rain-forest regions to do each of the following EXCEPT
1.adopt new agricultural technologies
2.grow improved plant varieties
3.decrease their use of chemical herbicides
4.increase their productivity
5.reduce their need to clear new land for cultivation
解析：
文章大意：
文章开始提出一个了建议：使用新的农业技术(具体两个：1)改良作物品种;2)使用化学除草剂)，目的是保护雨林;
给了一个study，说明在市场经济相关的地区，教育，财富，和land tenure这三个因素下的农民对于2个技术的态度一样;
给出一个新的study，说明在偏僻地区，3个因素下的农民情况各不一样，然后分开讨论。
基本文章结构：事实类文章
文章结构图：
Proposal
Study ( marketed economy) : proposal √(education; wealth; land tenure)
Recent study (isolated areas) :
1) Education : improved plant varieties √herbicides X
2) Wealth : improved plant varieties ; herbicides X
3) Land tenure: kinship (longer duration)improved plant varieties √herbicides X
题目分析
411.题干分析：
从高亮的研究(recent study)中的关于land tenure的信息可以反映以下哪个说法?
定位文章：" Researchers also measured (25) land-tenuresecurity: in Tawahka society, kinship ties are a more important indicator ofthis than are legal property rights, soresearchers measured it by a household’s duration of residence in its village.They found that longer residencecorrelated with more (30) adoption of improved plant varieties but lessadoption of chemical herbicides. "
A: 正确：land tenure 是靠kinship 的强弱，而一家人居住时间的长短可以反映kinship的强弱，符合定位句;
B: 获得大量的土地使得land tenure不重要(跨层wealth)
C: kinship 是比nonland wealth更加重要的一个指标(跨层 wealth)
D: 基于kinship 的land tenure 和基于 long duration 的land tenure, 分了两个land tenure, 错误;
E: 基于legal property rights 错误。
412. 题干分析：
第一句提到的proposal可以做到以下哪个选项除了哪个?(做不到以下哪个选项)
定位句：One proposal for preserving rain forests isto promote the adoption of new agricultural technologies, such as improvedplant varieties and use of chemical herbicides, which would increase(5) productivityand slow deforestation by reducing demand for new cropland.
A：采用农业技术，与文章一致，不选;
B：改良品种，与文章一致，不选;
C：√减少化学除草剂的使用，与文章相反，选择;
D：增加产量，与文章一致，不选;
E：减少对于新土地的需求，与文章一致，不选。
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